Table of contents (expand)
- The concept of foreign economic relations and their difference from foreign economic activity
- Foreign economic activity (FEA): concept, essence, meaning
- Composition of foreign economic functions of export-oriented enterprises
- Technological process of creation and sale of export products
- Types of foreign economic activity as a way to implement the export strategy of the enterprise and the form of its work in the foreign market
- Special regimes for the implementation of certain areas of foreign trade activity
- The role of investment cooperation in the development and production of export products
- Currency and financial and credit operations as a type of foreign economic activity
- Industrial cooperation as part of the types of foreign economic activity, its significance
- Composition of participants in foreign economic activity in Russia
- Classification of subjects of foreign economic activity in Russia, its principles
- The composition of exporters-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries
- Representation of participants in foreign economic activity playing an intermediary role in foreign economic activity, their target orientation
- Contributing organizations, composition of participants, activity profile, role in the foreign economic sphere of Russia
- Types of trading and intermediary firms
- Organizational principles of building a foreign trade company
- The main functional divisions of a foreign trade company
- Powers of employees of a foreign trade company
- Reforming the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia: prerequisites, stages, goals
- The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s
- Export of certain types of goods
- Prospects for the development of foreign economic activity
- The need for state regulation of the national economy, its essence and prerequisites
- State regulation methods used in international practice
- Regulation of foreign trade at the national and intergovernmental level
- Foreign trade policy of Russia
- Formation of the legislative, regulatory and legal framework for Russia's foreign trade
- The mechanism of state regulation of foreign trade activities in Russia
- Anti-dumping measures as an instrument of non-tariff restrictions
- Non-tariff restrictions of foreign trade operations
- Customs-tariff regulation of foreign trade operations
- Measures to assist exporters
- System of currency regulation of foreign trade activity
- Methods of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation
- Customs regulation as a method of state-economic impact on the sphere of foreign economic activity: essence, constituent elements
- Customs Tariffs and Customs Duties
- Calculation and procedure for payment of import duties, conditions for granting a deferred payment
- Methods for determining the customs value and the sequence of their application
- Customs regimes in the Russian Federation, their economic content and role in the system of customs and tariff regulation
- Types of taxes in the field of foreign economic activity, their discriminatory nature
- Value added tax and excises on imported goods: payers, amount, differentiation of rates, calculation procedure, payment terms
- Features of collection and refund of value added tax and excises under different customs regimes
- Special procedure for levying excises on certain imported goods, their intended purpose
- Principles of currency regulation
- The procedure for exercising state control over the import and export of precious metals from the Russian Federation
- The principle of regulating settlements with the state budget by exporters
- The system of currency control over export-import operations, its purpose and procedure for ensuring
- Currency control over import and barter transactions
- Institute of Currency Control Agents
- The system of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in Russia, its difference from foreign practice
- Licensing and export quotas and their scope
- Export quotas in Russia. Administrative and commercial principles for the distribution of export quotas
- Special export procedure for certain groups of goods and the process of its organization
- Certification of goods in the import control system
- Customs formalities for the export (import) of cargo, their sequence and confirmation with the necessary documents
- The procedure for applying the provisions of the Convention on the International Carriage of Goods with the issuance of an international road carrier book, etc.
- Customs escort of cargo, its organization and conditions of application within the framework of customs formalities
- Customs clearance
- The simplified procedure of customs clearance
- Movement across the customs border of currency and securities
- General rules for the movement of goods of individuals through customs
- The value of international private law in the regulation of foreign economic activity
- Sources of law in the field of foreign economic activity
- Substantive law and conflict of law rules
- State regulation of foreign investment
- Mechanism of international settlements
- Types of loans and forms of lending in foreign economic activity
- Leasing as a form of lending for foreign economic activity
- Positions of the currency terms of the contract
- Forms of foreign trade settlements
- Letter of credit in the practice of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Types of World Commodity Markets
- Value added tax on the export of certain works and services, the procedure for calculating and paying
- Arms Import Licensing
- The contingent of quota and licensed goods in Russia
- Export control in Russia, main purpose and scope
- Special control of export and import of nuclear materials, technologies and equipment in Russia
- Unified system of expert assessment of the quantity, quality and price of products exported from Russia
- Payment return methods for a commercial loan
- Criteria for choosing forms of foreign trade settlements
- The role of banks in the settlement system in foreign economic activity
- Federal bodies, their powers and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of foreign economic activity
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of customs regulation
- The Federal Customs Service, its place and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity
- Levels and procedure for interaction between state federal and regional bodies in the structure of Russia's foreign economic complex
- Powers and functions of state institutions for currency regulation and control in the field of foreign economic activity
- The concept and essence of marketing in foreign economic activity
- Strategies for foreign economic activity
- The concept and content of operational marketing in foreign economic activity
- Export and commodity policy of the enterprise
- Types of offset transactions
92. Types of compensation transactions
The basis of the compensation deal is international countertrade and its forms, as well as export-import operations within the framework of industrial cooperation and scientific and technical cooperation. Types of transactions are classified depending on the nature of mutual counter obligations, the form of compensation for deliveries and the timing of their execution.
Framework Agreement is a contract that can be enforced by law. It contains a clear definition of the mutual obligations of the parties, the specification of goods supplied in countertrade, an indication of the calculation of their value: on CIF or FOB terms. In addition, the procedure for payment or other settlement of the balance during certain periods or after the expiration of the agreement is determined. The framework agreement allows the implementation of the obligations of the exporter through its branches or firms entrusted to it, as well as the transfer of export obligations to a third party for the sale of goods for counter-purchases in any market. In addition, the framework agreement provides for the linkage of sales contracts, which means, for example, that the exporter's obligations become effective only after the conclusion of the main export contract or after the seller (on counterpurchase) provides a performance guarantee.
Barter deals - represent a simple exchange of goods or services without regard to their monetary value and are implemented through barter agreements, which are sometimes called a compensation agreement. Non-fulfillment by one partner of delivery in accordance with the contract may be the basis for non-fulfillment of obligations by another. Ownership of goods supplied in barter transactions by each of the parties passes at the time agreed by the parties and specified in the contract.
Compensation transactions on a commercial basis - represent essentially the same barter, only with an estimate of the cost. They are implemented through agreements under which the exporter enters into a separate contract for the supply of goods to a foreign buyer and at the same time undertakes to purchase a certain volume of goods in the country of the buyer. That is, there are two sales contracts here: export and counter-purchase. Determination of the equivalence of the cost of counter purchases for the entire volume of the export delivery or its part depends on the terms of the agreement between the parties. Another way to implement compensation transactions with valuation can be transactions based on a single contract of sale, which represents the mutually linked obligations of the parties that depend on each other. Such agreements are characterized by two points: the first is related to the problem of settling the balance of payments in favor of one of the parties, which requires the opening of an account for mutual settlements. The second point is related to the problem of the further method of disposing of goods received from the importer.
Thus, offset transactions on a commercial basis include transactions with partial or full compensation on a two-way or three-way basis.
Compensation deals based on industrial cooperation - carried out as part of the supply of complete equipment and implemented through compensation agreements. They provide for the exporter's obligations to ensure the supply of equipment and technologies on the basis of long-term loans, the payments for which are carried out by the supply of finished products from enterprises or facilities built in the importer's country. Compensatory transactions of this nature are characterized by their scale, the use of a system of independent contracts and complex financial and organizational mechanisms.
List of normative legal acts
1. Civil Code of the Russian Federation (Civil Code of the Russian Federation) (parts one, two and three) (as amended and supplemented on February 20, August 12, 1996, October 24, 1997, July 8, December 17, 1999, April 16, May 15, November 26, 2001, March 21, November 14, 26, 2002, January 10, March 26, November 11, December 23, 2003, June 29, July 29, December 2, 29, 30 2004, March 21, May 9, July 2, 18, 21, 2005, January 3, 2006).
2. The Tax Code of the Russian Federation (TC RF) (as amended and supplemented on March 30, July 9, 1999, January 2, August 5, December 29, 2000, March 24, May 30, 6, 7, 8 August, 27, 29 November, 28, 29, 30, 31 December 2001, 29 May, 24, 25 July, 24, 27, 31 December 2002, 6, 22, 28 May, 6, 23, 30 June , July 7, November 11, December 8, 23, 2003, April 5, June 29, 30, July 20, 28, 29, August 18, 20, 22, October 4, November 2, 29, 28, 29, 30 December 2004, May 18, June 3, 6, 18, 29, 30, July 1, 18, 21, 22, October 20, November 4, December 5, 6, 20, 31, 2005).
3. Customs Code of the Russian Federation of May 28, 2003 No. 61-FZ (Labor Code of the Russian Federation) (as amended and supplemented on December 23, 2003, June 29, August 20, November 11, 2004, July 18, 31 December 2005).
4. Law of the Russian Federation of May 21, 1993 No. 5003-I "On the Customs Tariff" (as amended and supplemented on August 7, November 25, December 27, 1995, February 5, 1997, February 10, May 4 1999, May 27, December 27, 2000, August 8, December 29, 30, 2001, May 29, July 25, December 24, 2002, June 6, July 7, December 8, 23, 2003, May 7, June 29, August 22, 2004, July 21, November 8, December 20, 2005).
5. Federal Law No. 14-FZ of April 1998, 63 "On Measures to Protect the Economic Interests of the Russian Federation in Foreign Trade in Goods" (as amended and supplemented on July 24, 2002, December 8, 2003).
6. Federal Law of July 19, 1998 No. 114-FZ "On Military-Technical Cooperation of the Russian Federation with Foreign States".
7. Federal Law of July 9, 1999 No. 160-FZ "On Foreign Investments in the Russian Federation" (as amended and supplemented on March 21, July 25, 2002, December 8, 2003, July 22, 2005 ).
8. Federal Law of July 18, 1999 No. 183-FZ "On Export Control" (as amended and supplemented on December 30, 2001, June 29, 2004, July 18, 2005).
9. Federal Law of August 7, 2001 No. 115-FZ "On counteracting the legalization (laundering) of proceeds from crime and the financing of terrorism" (as amended and supplemented on July 25, October 30, 2002, July 28 2004, November 16, 2005).
10. Federal Law No. 8-FZ of December 2003, 164 "On the Fundamentals of State Regulation of Foreign Trade Activity" (as amended and supplemented on August 22, 2004, July 22, 2005).
11. Federal Law No. 10-FZ of December 2003, 173 "On Currency Regulation and Currency Control" (as amended and supplemented on June 29, 2004, July 18, 2005).
12. Decree of the President of the RSFSR of November 15, 1991 No. 213 "On the liberalization of foreign economic activity on the territory of the RSFSR" (as amended and supplemented on October 27, 1992) (lost force).
13. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of January 10, 2000 No. 24 "On the Concept of the National Security of the Russian Federation".
14. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of June 21, 2001 No. 742 "On the procedure for importing into the Russian Federation and exporting from the Russian Federation precious metals and precious stones" (as amended and supplemented on August 5, 2002, September 30, 2003 ).
15. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of March 9, 2004 No. 314 "On the system and structure of federal executive bodies" (as amended and supplemented on May 20, 2004, March 15, November 14, December 23, 2005).
16. Decree of the President of the Russian Federation of September 10, 2005 No. 1062 "Issues of military-technical cooperation of the Russian Federation with foreign states".
17. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of February 22, 2000 No. 148 "On the Customs Tariff of the Russian Federation - a set of rates of import customs duties and a commodity nomenclature used in the implementation of foreign economic activity" (with amendments and additions of March 16, April 8, 11 May, July 7, 28, August 3, November 27, 2000, July 6, August 23, 30, November 30, 2001, February 26, 2002).
18. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 27, 2004 No. 443 "On approval of the Regulations on the Ministry of Economic Development and Trade of the Russian Federation" (as amended and supplemented on May 20, 2005).
19. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of August 21, 2004 No. 429 "On the Federal Customs Service" (as amended and supplemented on June 10, 2005).
20. Decree of the Government of the Russian Federation of June 9, 2005 No. 364 "On approval of regulations on licensing in the field of foreign trade in goods and on the formation and maintenance of a federal bank of issued licenses".
21. Order of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation of August 5, 1998 No. 01-14/854 "On the establishment of points for receiving notifications on the importation of goods under the TIR procedure into the territory of the Russian Federation" (as amended and supplemented on August 12, 1999, April 27 2001).
22. Order of the State Customs Committee of the Russian Federation of October 3, 2000 No. 897 "On approval of the Regulations on customs escort of goods and vehicles" (as amended and supplemented on November 20, 2001, November 27, 2002).
Author: Bobkova O.V.
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