Foreign economic activity. Composition of exporter-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets
Free library / Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Foreign economic activity. Composition of exporter-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Comments on the article

Table of contents (expand)

12. The composition of exporters-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries

Exporters-manufacturers operating on the foreign market without intermediaries include industrial enterprises (associations), production cooperatives, consortiums and joint ventures that ensure the production of export products and the provision of various kinds of services.

The main group of participants in foreign economic activity is formed by manufacturers of export competitive products (petrochemical, machine-building, timber processing, metallurgical, etc.) that provide the entire technological cycle for the production and sale of goods (including works and services) - research and production, storage, marketing, transport and sales and accounting and financial. Being producers and owners of export products, they independently sell it on the foreign market, becoming also the owners of foreign exchange funds received as a result of an export operation, which are evaluated based on specific prices. Their foreign economic activity is built on the basis of currency self-sufficiency

Consortia - a form of association of enterprises with a production and foreign economic profile of activity, directly operating in the foreign market. They are formed on a bilateral and multilateral contractual basis by several partners to achieve certain results through coordinated actions. They are created for the implementation of large-scale projects that require the pooling of financial, technical means and organizational efforts of foreign economic activity participants. The participants of the consortium are manufacturers and suppliers of export products, design and financial organizations. They have their own foreign trade divisions in their structure. The action of the consortium can be of a one-time nature (during the construction of a specific facility), short-term (if it is necessary to implement any foreign economic program) and long-term.

Joint ventures, part of the group of exporting manufacturers, have been operating in Russia since 1987. Many joint ventures conduct foreign trade intermediary activities. However, the share of joint ventures in the manufacturing sector is very low, which is due to the lack of a market for raw materials and means of production, the backward production base of domestic enterprises and their lack of large initial capital investments. The most active investors in Russia are companies from the USA, Germany and Italy.

Production cooperatives to sell their products on the foreign market, they mainly attract their foreign porters from related enterprises and firms through coastal and border trade with the countries of Eastern Europe, Finland, Mongolia, China, and the DPRK, most often using barter operations. The foreign economic activity of production cooperatives is being activated through the establishment of direct ties, compensatory and production cooperation. At present, numerous unions and associations have been formed by production cooperatives in order to protect their interests and facilitate the further development of foreign economic activity.

Transport act as active participants in foreign economic activity, ensuring the export of road, rail, sea (river) and air transportation services. International transport services are the most profitable direction of foreign economic activity in the following reasons:

▪ do not require significant investments;

▪ have a short payback period;

▪ not related to the sale abroad of material assets and irreplaceable raw materials.

The share of Russian road transport services in international transportation is constantly growing. As part of international transportation, Russian carriers account for 28,5% of the physical volume of cargo.

Author: Bobkova O.V.

<< Back: Classification of subjects of foreign economic activity in Russia, its principles

>> Forward: Representation of participants in foreign economic activity playing an intermediary role in foreign economic activity, their target orientation

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ General theory of statistics. Lecture summary

▪ Russian language. Final tests

▪ Foreign literature of the XX century in brief. Part 2. Cheat sheet

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive

Nicotine from e-cigarettes mutates DNA 12.02.2018

It is believed that electronic cigarettes are safer than conventional ones because they do not contain carcinogens. In an ordinary cigarette, nitrosamines appear during smoldering - the result of nicotine modification, in addition, tobacco does not burn completely; both nitrosamines and products of incomplete combustion of tobacco are dangerous because they cause mutations in DNA, which, in turn, can start a malignant tumor.

In electronic cigarettes, nothing burns, a person inhales vapor from nicotine dissolved in a special substance. In other words, such devices allow you to satisfy nicotine addiction in a safer way, without exposing yourself to the action of carcinogens. And all the debate about e-cigarettes is usually about whether they really help to forget about regular cigarettes. (According to the latest research on this topic, yes, they really do help.)

True, in fact, it may turn out that e-cigarettes are as harmful as regular ones. Instead of looking for carcinogens in e-cigarette aerosols, researchers at New York University simply tested the effect of their vapor on mice and on human epithelial cells from the lungs and bladder.

The effect of nicotine and solvents was tested both together and separately. Naturally, neither mice nor human cells could smoke e-cigarettes, so the liquid was specially heated, and the temperature for heating was chosen so that it was the same as in conventional electronic cigarettes or lower. (It is believed that just when cigarette liquids are overheated, dangerous substances appear in them.)

Without nicotine, e-liquid did not harm mice or human cells in any way. But nicotine, alone or in e-cigarette liquid, was harmful: after it, chemical changes appeared in DNA, exactly the same as after nitrosamines from regular cigarettes. Apparently, nicotine itself can be modified directly in living tissues, and already in such a modified form, introduce mutations in DNA. Moreover, in lung cells, the activity of proteins responsible for DNA repair, for correcting mutations, decreased.

Other interesting news:

▪ Superconducting DNA wires

▪ Intel introduced a chip for mobile devices with support for WiMax

▪ Wireless speaker Huawei Sound Joy

▪ Australian rock art

▪ Children learn to lie in order to live up to adults' expectations.

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section Color and music installations. Selection of articles

▪ article Brain drain, brain drain. Popular expression

▪ article Who Invented the Accordion? Detailed answer

▪ article Elsholtzia ciliated. Legends, cultivation, methods of application

▪ article Low-budget metal detector. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Two more experiments with forks. physical experiment

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages of this page

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews