Table of contents (expand)
- The concept of foreign economic relations and their difference from foreign economic activity
- Foreign economic activity (FEA): concept, essence, meaning
- Composition of foreign economic functions of export-oriented enterprises
- Technological process of creation and sale of export products
- Types of foreign economic activity as a way to implement the export strategy of the enterprise and the form of its work in the foreign market
- Special regimes for the implementation of certain areas of foreign trade activity
- The role of investment cooperation in the development and production of export products
- Currency and financial and credit operations as a type of foreign economic activity
- Industrial cooperation as part of the types of foreign economic activity, its significance
- Composition of participants in foreign economic activity in Russia
- Classification of subjects of foreign economic activity in Russia, its principles
- The composition of exporters-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries
- Representation of participants in foreign economic activity playing an intermediary role in foreign economic activity, their target orientation
- Contributing organizations, composition of participants, activity profile, role in the foreign economic sphere of Russia
- Types of trading and intermediary firms
- Organizational principles of building a foreign trade company
- The main functional divisions of a foreign trade company
- Powers of employees of a foreign trade company
- Reforming the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia: prerequisites, stages, goals
- The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s
- Export of certain types of goods
- Prospects for the development of foreign economic activity
- The need for state regulation of the national economy, its essence and prerequisites
- State regulation methods used in international practice
- Regulation of foreign trade at the national and intergovernmental level
- Foreign trade policy of Russia
- Formation of the legislative, regulatory and legal framework for Russia's foreign trade
- The mechanism of state regulation of foreign trade activities in Russia
- Anti-dumping measures as an instrument of non-tariff restrictions
- Non-tariff restrictions of foreign trade operations
- Customs-tariff regulation of foreign trade operations
- Measures to assist exporters
- System of currency regulation of foreign trade activity
- Methods of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation
- Customs regulation as a method of state-economic impact on the sphere of foreign economic activity: essence, constituent elements
- Customs Tariffs and Customs Duties
- Calculation and procedure for payment of import duties, conditions for granting a deferred payment
- Methods for determining the customs value and the sequence of their application
- Customs regimes in the Russian Federation, their economic content and role in the system of customs and tariff regulation
- Types of taxes in the field of foreign economic activity, their discriminatory nature
- Value added tax and excises on imported goods: payers, amount, differentiation of rates, calculation procedure, payment terms
- Features of collection and refund of value added tax and excises under different customs regimes
- Special procedure for levying excises on certain imported goods, their intended purpose
- Principles of currency regulation
- The procedure for exercising state control over the import and export of precious metals from the Russian Federation
- The principle of regulating settlements with the state budget by exporters
- The system of currency control over export-import operations, its purpose and procedure for ensuring
- Currency control over import and barter transactions
- Institute of Currency Control Agents
- The system of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in Russia, its difference from foreign practice
- Licensing and export quotas and their scope
- Export quotas in Russia. Administrative and commercial principles for the distribution of export quotas
- Special export procedure for certain groups of goods and the process of its organization
- Certification of goods in the import control system
- Customs formalities for the export (import) of cargo, their sequence and confirmation with the necessary documents
- The procedure for applying the provisions of the Convention on the International Carriage of Goods with the issuance of an international road carrier book, etc.
- Customs escort of cargo, its organization and conditions of application within the framework of customs formalities
- Customs clearance
- The simplified procedure of customs clearance
- Movement across the customs border of currency and securities
- General rules for the movement of goods of individuals through customs
- The value of international private law in the regulation of foreign economic activity
- Sources of law in the field of foreign economic activity
- Substantive law and conflict of law rules
- State regulation of foreign investment
- Mechanism of international settlements
- Types of loans and forms of lending in foreign economic activity
- Leasing as a form of lending for foreign economic activity
- Positions of the currency terms of the contract
- Forms of foreign trade settlements
- Letter of credit in the practice of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Types of World Commodity Markets
- Value added tax on the export of certain works and services, the procedure for calculating and paying
- Arms Import Licensing
- The contingent of quota and licensed goods in Russia
- Export control in Russia, main purpose and scope
- Special control of export and import of nuclear materials, technologies and equipment in Russia
- Unified system of expert assessment of the quantity, quality and price of products exported from Russia
- Payment return methods for a commercial loan
- Criteria for choosing forms of foreign trade settlements
- The role of banks in the settlement system in foreign economic activity
- Federal bodies, their powers and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of foreign economic activity
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of customs regulation
- The Federal Customs Service, its place and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity
- Levels and procedure for interaction between state federal and regional bodies in the structure of Russia's foreign economic complex
- Powers and functions of state institutions for currency regulation and control in the field of foreign economic activity
- The concept and essence of marketing in foreign economic activity
- Strategies for foreign economic activity
- The concept and content of operational marketing in foreign economic activity
- Export and commodity policy of the enterprise
- Types of offset transactions
67. Types of loans and forms of lending in foreign economic activity
Lending in international foreign trade practice is one of the tools to stimulate exporters.
Credit involves the provision of a loan in cash or commodity form on terms of repayment with the payment of a certain percentage. Exporters, importers, banks and other financial and credit institutions and the state act as creditors of foreign trade transactions.
The commercial benefit of lending for the exporter is determined by:
1) acceleration of sales;
2) the degree of increase in the volume of supplies of goods;
3) the cost of export credits and the possibility of covering the costs of lending at the expense of the proceeds received.
For importers, a frequent and acceptable variant of foreign trade transactions is a combination of cash and credit purchases.
Loans are classified according to various criteria that characterize certain aspects of the credit relations of their participants:
▪ by type of loan - commercial, banking, commodity, investment, government, brokerage;
▪ by loan terms - short-term, medium-term, long-term;
▪ by method of provision - advances, deferred payment, installment payment;
▪ according to the method of coverage - partial and complete;
▪ by method of repayment - bills of exchange, acceptance;
▪ for the intended purpose - to complete export production, for storage, warehousing;
▪ according to the terms of sale - cash, acceptance;
▪ by method of security - secured, unsecured (form);
▪ by target function - traditional and non-traditional;
▪ traditional - commercial, banking, commodity, branded;
▪ non-traditional - factoring, forfaiting;
▪ according to the form of provision:
▪ by the exporter to the importer - branded (bill of exchange, credit on an open account), bank (acceptance, acceptance-reimbursement);
▪ importer to exporter - commercial (purchaser advances, deposits), banking (commodity loans, loans on current accounts).
commercial loan - lending by the exporter to the importer in several forms:
▪ in commodity form, in the form of deferred payment for goods sold;
▪ in the form of cash loans.
Bank loan - issuance of cash loans to exporters and importers at the expense of the bank itself.
Commercial lending importers on the part of exporters is carried out in two forms: a bill of exchange or an open account.
In case of bill lending, the importer accepts the draft drawn up on him by the exporter, i.e. confirms the payment of the bill in full and within the specified period, against the transfer to him by the bank of the commodity documents sent for collection.
Acceptance - consent to payment or guarantee of payment for commodity, financial, settlement documents or goods. Draft - bill of exchange.
Collection - transactions of banks with financial or commercial documents to obtain acceptance or payment.
Open account system involves the mutual opening of correspondent bank accounts by counterparties until the moment of the transaction, and the subsequent process of repayment of the payment involves the entry (issue) by the supplier to the buyer's account of the amount corresponding to the delivery at the time of shipment of the goods. Settlement is provided by bank transfer.
Forms of bank lending importers are: accounting of bills, loans secured by purchased goods, acceptance lending, acceptance-reimbursement credit.
Commercial lending to exporters is carried out in the form of buyer advances and bank guarantees.
Forms of bank lending to exporters are: accounting of drafts (bills); issuance of commodity loans, credits on current (current) accounts.
Author: Bobkova O.V.
<< Back: Mechanism of international settlements
>> Forward: Leasing as a form of lending for foreign economic activity
We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:
▪ Legal psychology. Lecture notes
▪ Quality control. Crib
▪ Age-related psychology. Crib
See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.
Read and write useful comments on this article.
<< Back
Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:
The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven
09.05.2024
Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>
Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5
09.05.2024
Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>
Energy from space for Starship
08.05.2024
Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>
| Random news from the Archive Intel LTE modems
26.08.2013
Intel will start the first deliveries of LTE modems this month. The new devices that TSMC will release support 15 frequency bands. At the same time, Intel will need 2-3 years to master these modems in its own production.
Theoretically, the maximum throughput of a Cat 3 LTE modem is 100 Mbps.
In the IV quarter. Cat 4 devices with a bandwidth of 150 Mbps and support for voice transmission technology in VoLTE (Voice over LTE) networks are expected to appear.
In the first half of next year, Intel will begin shipping chips that support carrier aggregation, which uses more than one channel to increase bandwidth and boost data rates to the 1 Gb/s standard of LTE Advanced.
|
Other interesting news:
▪ Measuring Difficulty
▪ Pocket camera Sony HDR-GW66VE for extreme sports
▪ Sodium-ion batteries CATL
▪ Nvidia AI systems for construction sites
▪ Fullerenes can be neutralized
News feed of science and technology, new electronics
Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:
▪ section of the website job descriptions. Article selection
▪ article Come to the cap analysis. Popular expression
▪ article How many times larger is the largest US state than the smallest? Detailed answer
▪ Article Office Manager. Job description
▪ article Mini-hydroelectric power station on the whirlpool principle. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
▪ article Detector radio circuit design for 100 years. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering
Leave your comment on this article:
All languages of this page
Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews
www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024
Arabic
Bengali
Chinese
English
French
German
Hebrew
Hindi
Italian
Japanese
Korean
Malay
Polish
Portuguese
Spanish
Turkish
Ukrainian
Vietnamese