Table of contents (expand)
- The concept of foreign economic relations and their difference from foreign economic activity
- Foreign economic activity (FEA): concept, essence, meaning
- Composition of foreign economic functions of export-oriented enterprises
- Technological process of creation and sale of export products
- Types of foreign economic activity as a way to implement the export strategy of the enterprise and the form of its work in the foreign market
- Special regimes for the implementation of certain areas of foreign trade activity
- The role of investment cooperation in the development and production of export products
- Currency and financial and credit operations as a type of foreign economic activity
- Industrial cooperation as part of the types of foreign economic activity, its significance
- Composition of participants in foreign economic activity in Russia
- Classification of subjects of foreign economic activity in Russia, its principles
- The composition of exporters-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries
- Representation of participants in foreign economic activity playing an intermediary role in foreign economic activity, their target orientation
- Contributing organizations, composition of participants, activity profile, role in the foreign economic sphere of Russia
- Types of trading and intermediary firms
- Organizational principles of building a foreign trade company
- The main functional divisions of a foreign trade company
- Powers of employees of a foreign trade company
- Reforming the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia: prerequisites, stages, goals
- The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s
- Export of certain types of goods
- Prospects for the development of foreign economic activity
- The need for state regulation of the national economy, its essence and prerequisites
- State regulation methods used in international practice
- Regulation of foreign trade at the national and intergovernmental level
- Foreign trade policy of Russia
- Formation of the legislative, regulatory and legal framework for Russia's foreign trade
- The mechanism of state regulation of foreign trade activities in Russia
- Anti-dumping measures as an instrument of non-tariff restrictions
- Non-tariff restrictions of foreign trade operations
- Customs-tariff regulation of foreign trade operations
- Measures to assist exporters
- System of currency regulation of foreign trade activity
- Methods of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation
- Customs regulation as a method of state-economic impact on the sphere of foreign economic activity: essence, constituent elements
- Customs Tariffs and Customs Duties
- Calculation and procedure for payment of import duties, conditions for granting a deferred payment
- Methods for determining the customs value and the sequence of their application
- Customs regimes in the Russian Federation, their economic content and role in the system of customs and tariff regulation
- Types of taxes in the field of foreign economic activity, their discriminatory nature
- Value added tax and excises on imported goods: payers, amount, differentiation of rates, calculation procedure, payment terms
- Features of collection and refund of value added tax and excises under different customs regimes
- Special procedure for levying excises on certain imported goods, their intended purpose
- Principles of currency regulation
- The procedure for exercising state control over the import and export of precious metals from the Russian Federation
- The principle of regulating settlements with the state budget by exporters
- The system of currency control over export-import operations, its purpose and procedure for ensuring
- Currency control over import and barter transactions
- Institute of Currency Control Agents
- The system of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in Russia, its difference from foreign practice
- Licensing and export quotas and their scope
- Export quotas in Russia. Administrative and commercial principles for the distribution of export quotas
- Special export procedure for certain groups of goods and the process of its organization
- Certification of goods in the import control system
- Customs formalities for the export (import) of cargo, their sequence and confirmation with the necessary documents
- The procedure for applying the provisions of the Convention on the International Carriage of Goods with the issuance of an international road carrier book, etc.
- Customs escort of cargo, its organization and conditions of application within the framework of customs formalities
- Customs clearance
- The simplified procedure of customs clearance
- Movement across the customs border of currency and securities
- General rules for the movement of goods of individuals through customs
- The value of international private law in the regulation of foreign economic activity
- Sources of law in the field of foreign economic activity
- Substantive law and conflict of law rules
- State regulation of foreign investment
- Mechanism of international settlements
- Types of loans and forms of lending in foreign economic activity
- Leasing as a form of lending for foreign economic activity
- Positions of the currency terms of the contract
- Forms of foreign trade settlements
- Letter of credit in the practice of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Types of World Commodity Markets
- Value added tax on the export of certain works and services, the procedure for calculating and paying
- Arms Import Licensing
- The contingent of quota and licensed goods in Russia
- Export control in Russia, main purpose and scope
- Special control of export and import of nuclear materials, technologies and equipment in Russia
- Unified system of expert assessment of the quantity, quality and price of products exported from Russia
- Payment return methods for a commercial loan
- Criteria for choosing forms of foreign trade settlements
- The role of banks in the settlement system in foreign economic activity
- Federal bodies, their powers and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of foreign economic activity
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of customs regulation
- The Federal Customs Service, its place and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity
- Levels and procedure for interaction between state federal and regional bodies in the structure of Russia's foreign economic complex
- Powers and functions of state institutions for currency regulation and control in the field of foreign economic activity
- The concept and essence of marketing in foreign economic activity
- Strategies for foreign economic activity
- The concept and content of operational marketing in foreign economic activity
- Export and commodity policy of the enterprise
- Types of offset transactions
19. Reforming the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia: prerequisites, stages, goals
Prerequisites for reforming foreign economic activity:
▪ By the mid-80s, negative aspects of the development of foreign trade were revealed: a backward strategy and commodity structure of exports and imports, a drop in the rate of foreign trade turnover, outdated forms of organizing work in the foreign market, etc.
▪ The underdevelopment of the export structure and dependence on fluctuations in the world market for a narrow group of goods resulted in large foreign exchange losses for Russia due to the deterioration in the terms of world trade and the decline in oil prices in 1984-1989.
▪ Uncompetitiveness of exported mechanical and technical products as a result of alienation of manufacturers from the foreign market, lack of incentives to improve the quality and technical characteristics of products, low level of production technology, lack of the right to dispose of earned currency.
▪ A wide range of imports of chemical products, rolled pipes, ore, fertilizers, equipment for the agro-industrial complex, as well as very inflated volumes of purchases of consumer goods and food, the cessation of the development of many industries and areas of production.
▪ The backwardness of forms and low efficiency of foreign economic cooperation were characterized by an insignificant level of compensation transactions, direct connections, production specialization and cooperation.
Stages of FEA reform:
1. 1986 - 1988 - changing the principles of organizing foreign trade management and its decentralization.
Tasks:
▪ expanding the rights of industry ministries and departments, enterprises, associations and organizations to enter the foreign market, granting manufacturing enterprises the right to independently participate in foreign economic activity;
▪ expanding the number of participants in foreign economic activity through the creation of joint ventures, international associations and organizations, associations for foreign economic cooperation in order to accelerate scientific and technological progress.
2. 1989-1991 - development of foreign economic activity and formation of a system of state regulation in this area, primarily non-tariff. Since April 1989, all producers of goods and services received the right to independently enter the foreign market.
3. Since 1992 the main efforts were aimed at creating a new mechanism for state regulation of foreign economic activity and a stable regulatory framework of the Russian state in the conditions of the formation of a modern foreign economic strategy and its liberalization.
Russia's new foreign economic activity strategy was developed in mid-1992, taking into account internal and external factors: huge external debt, insecurity of foreign assets of developing and underdeveloped countries, and a sharp reduction in foreign trade turnover with Eastern European countries.
The goals of the development of Russia's foreign economic activity:
▪ development of export potential, including improving its structure, increasing competitiveness and increasing the share of high-tech products;
▪ creation of a mechanism for state stimulation of exports and import substitution both at the micro level, through tax incentives for exporters and long-term loans for the development of export production, and at the macro level - through the use of part of the income from export duties and the corresponding mechanism for the distribution of foreign loans and public investments;
▪ formation of a modern production and financial-economic infrastructure for foreign economic activity;
▪ elimination of persistent discrimination against foreign investors and the formation of institutions for insurance against political and economic risk;
▪ rationalization of imports in order to change the structure of the economy and ensure the process of modernization of fixed assets of production, aimed at strengthening the country’s export base (purchase of component equipment and licenses, etc.).
Author: Bobkova O.V.
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