In which countries is Khoja Nasreddin a folklore anti-hero? Detailed answer

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In which countries is Khoja Nasreddin a folklore anti-hero? Detailed answer

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In which countries is Khoja Nasreddin a folklore anti-hero?

Khoja Nasreddin, a popular folklore character of the Muslim East, appears in parables as a learned vagabond and cunning, able to find a way out of any situation and defeat any opponent with a word.

However, in Bulgaria and North Macedonia, long under Ottoman rule, Khoja Nasreddin often acts as an anti-hero, who is won over by his local counterpart, Sly Peter, who also travels on a donkey.

Authors: Jimmy Wales, Larry Sanger

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Sound waves are sources of negative gravity that have a negative mass 30.08.2018

From the point of view of classical physics, known to us since the school days, sound waves are not a carrier of mass. They only carry an impulse of energy that causes the atoms or molecules of the substance through which they pass to vibrate. However, researchers from Columbia University, after a series of theoretical studies and calculations, determined that sound waves, represented as quasiparticles - phonons, not only have mass, but also produce a very weak gravitational field. Moreover, according to the results of these calculations, phonons have a negative mass and, as a consequence, generate negative gravity.

The first indication that sound waves have a non-zero mass is contained in the so-called point-particle theory. According to this theory, phonons that are in the medium of superfluid liquids (superfluid) at a temperature close to the temperature of absolute zero are exposed to gravitational forces, while the strength of interactions depends solely on the energy (momentum) of the phonon and the equation describing the state of the superfluid. If we take the traditional equations as a basis, then the magnitude of the phonon and gravity interactions corresponds to the negative mass of the quasiparticle, i.e. under the influence of the earth's gravity, for example, the trajectory of the phonon will bend upwards.

This effect is absolutely equivalent to the standard refraction effect described by Snell's law. In the presence of gravity, the pressure of a superfluid depends on depth, and the pressure, in turn, depends on the speed of propagation of sound waves. As a result, phonons in a superfluid do not follow straight paths, and this deviation is very well described in terms of the presence of a "gravitational mass" of a phonon.

Calculations of the phonon mass showed that it has a very small value. If we take a helium-4 superfluid and create in it a phonon with a very high energy for this type of particle (1 KeV/c), then its mass will be 1 GeV/c2, i.e. no more than the mass of one helium atom.

Now scientists are developing an experimental setup with which the effect of the "gravitational mass" of the phonon can be detected and studied in practice. It is assumed that the role of a superfluid in this installation will be played by a cloud of supercooled atoms (Bose-Einstein condensate) or certain molecular gases, which can be used to obtain low values of the speed of sound waves.

One of the obstacles that stands in the way of scientists is that modern atomic clocks and quantum gravitometers can detect changes in gravitational fields of at least a few fractions of a nm/s2. This is not enough to make measurements of the mass of phonons, and scientists will have to resort to some tricks in order to enhance the effect under study. Otherwise, they will have to wait quite a long time until next-generation measuring methods appear that have an acceptable sensitivity threshold.

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