Foreign economic activity. The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s (the most important)

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Foreign economic activity. The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s (the most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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20. The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s

Russia is not an export-oriented country, but the state of exports affects not only the nature of foreign economic activity, but also the development of the domestic economy. The stabilization of industrial production over the past years was ensured by the supply of products to foreign markets.

In the 90s. the positions of individual export-oriented industries in the system of the national economy have been strengthened. This ensured a relatively stable position in the fuel and energy and metallurgical complexes, timber, woodworking and pulp and paper industries and chemical production, which is increasingly determined by the world market.

In the process of reforming the country's economy, foreign economic activity of industrial enterprises and associations has taken an important place in the formation of the state budget revenues.

Export activity stimulates the development of certain sectors of the industrial complex, but at the same time, a number of increasing negative trends associated with its development have been identified:

1) there is a dangerous one-sidedness in the domestic economy: the market refers exclusively to the external market, where energy carriers and raw metals are supplied in huge quantities. However, in world practice, the economic growth of the state by 90% is ensured by increasing the production and export of finished science-intensive products, introducing new knowledge and technologies into the industry;

2) In the 90s. the ratio of the components of export-oriented production has deteriorated significantly in favor of the predominance of such extremely inefficient elements as raw materials and unskilled labor. Moreover, the spontaneous formation of Russia's international specialization was accompanied by a deterioration in the environmental background of foreign economic activity. In exports, the share of semi-finished products produced in industries with the greatest negative impact on the state of the environment and ecology in general, in the regions where export industries are located - metallurgical, petrochemical, pulp and paper, has increased.

In world trade, international machine and technical exports are growing, acting as a catalyst for the economies of developed countries. For Russia, the index of relative specialization in the global division of labor (the degree to which the country's export structure corresponds to the world structure) is at the level of 13%.

Over the past few years, the course towards closer integration into the world economy has been maintained, but Russia's participation in world trade is estimated at 1,3-1,4%. It is far behind most industrialized countries (USA, Germany, Japan, France, Great Britain), and is behind the group of intensively developing countries in the Asia-Pacific region (Hong Kong, China, Korea, Singapore, Taiwan).

By 1997 Russia's foreign economic sector began to lose its positions due to the growth of negative internal and external trends.

Changes in Russian export trends in the 90s accompanied by an increase in imports. At the same time, the multidirectional dynamics of the most important components of Russia's foreign trade turnover had a negative impact on the indicators of the country's trade balance.

Negative changes in the dynamics of foreign trade turnover further worsened Russia's position in world markets to the level of 1993.

The state and development possibilities of the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia are largely determined by the production and resource base. Thanks to the huge reserves of natural raw materials - gas, oil, iron, nickel and copper ore - it was possible to maintain separate positions in world production and extraction of a number of products: natural gas and oil extraction; for the production of nickel, iron and steel. These positions allowed Russian participants in foreign economic activity to remain among the leading countries - exporters of oil, natural gas, non-ferrous and precious metals.

Author: Bobkova O.V.

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