Foreign economic activity. Export of certain types of goods (the most important)

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Foreign economic activity. Export of certain types of goods (the most important)

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21. Export of certain types of goods

The gradual shrinkage of the Russian domestic market in the early 90s contributed to the reorientation of most of the competitive manufacturing industries entirely to foreign markets.

At the end of the 90s, despite some revival of domestic demand, the leading industries, primarily the fuel and energy complex, continued to focus on the foreign market. The share of export supplies in the volume of extracted and produced energy products has increased. At the same time, competitive advantages based on the difference between domestic prices and world market prices were lost for many types of export products. For oil products, it reached an average of 63,7%; for non-ferrous metals - 18%; for natural gas - 56% and for oil - 66% of the world price index.

The serious market shifts that took place in the world markets of the last years of the 20th century, primarily in the market of energy goods and oil products, were accompanied by an increase in supply as a result of an increase in export quotas by OPEC countries and exports of Iraqi oil, as well as a decrease in the price level.

The commodity structure of Russia's imports and exports corresponds to the demand for Russian goods on the world market and the demand for foreign goods on the Russian domestic market.

In Russian export first place occupied by the enlarged group "Mineral Products", which includes energy resources: crude oil, natural gas, oil products. In an effort to reduce their energy dependence on Russia, the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are taking a number of measures to import not only oil, but also natural gas from the UK, Norway and the Netherlands. The reduction of Russian exports to the countries of Eastern Europe is also connected with the expiration of the Yamburg agreement on natural gas (1986).

Second place occupy metals, precious stones and products from them. Export deliveries of metals, various grades and brands of rolled ferrous metals seriously support the ferrous metallurgy of Russia. The problems of exporting Russian ferrous metal products lie in the fact that in the United States and a number of other countries an anti-dumping campaign is being waged against Russian rolled products, mainly high-tech ones, threatening Russian suppliers with prohibitively high import duties.

Compared with the Soviet period, the export of aluminum and other non-ferrous metals (copper, nickel, etc.) has increased significantly. Russia is one of the four main exporters of aluminium, one of the three of nickel, and almost a monopoly in the production and export of platinum, palladium and other platinum group metals.

The Machinery, Equipment and Vehicles group occupies a very small place in Russian exports. More than a third of the export of engineering products goes to the CIS countries.

The markets of the countries of Central and Eastern Europe are practically lost for the Russian mechanical engineering, there is a struggle for the markets of investment goods and equipment of China and a number of developing countries. A significant place in Russia's engineering exports is occupied by products of the electrical industry (generators, turbines) and metal-intensive equipment.

The export of chemical goods is dominated by potash, nitrogen and phosphorus fertilizers.

The main orientation in Russia's foreign trade towards developed countries with market economies and the raw material orientation of Russian exports are closely interconnected.

For the further development of Russia's trade with developed and developing countries, it is necessary to achieve the full and unconditional recognition of Russia as a country with a market economy, the elimination of discriminatory restrictions on Russian exports of finished products, and the completion of negotiations on Russia's accession to the WTO.

Author: Bobkova O.V.

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