Table of contents (expand)
- The concept of foreign economic relations and their difference from foreign economic activity
- Foreign economic activity (FEA): concept, essence, meaning
- Composition of foreign economic functions of export-oriented enterprises
- Technological process of creation and sale of export products
- Types of foreign economic activity as a way to implement the export strategy of the enterprise and the form of its work in the foreign market
- Special regimes for the implementation of certain areas of foreign trade activity
- The role of investment cooperation in the development and production of export products
- Currency and financial and credit operations as a type of foreign economic activity
- Industrial cooperation as part of the types of foreign economic activity, its significance
- Composition of participants in foreign economic activity in Russia
- Classification of subjects of foreign economic activity in Russia, its principles
- The composition of exporters-manufacturers operating in the foreign market without intermediaries
- Representation of participants in foreign economic activity playing an intermediary role in foreign economic activity, their target orientation
- Contributing organizations, composition of participants, activity profile, role in the foreign economic sphere of Russia
- Types of trading and intermediary firms
- Organizational principles of building a foreign trade company
- The main functional divisions of a foreign trade company
- Powers of employees of a foreign trade company
- Reforming the sphere of foreign economic activity in Russia: prerequisites, stages, goals
- The nature and trends in the development of foreign economic activity in the 90s
- Export of certain types of goods
- Prospects for the development of foreign economic activity
- The need for state regulation of the national economy, its essence and prerequisites
- State regulation methods used in international practice
- Regulation of foreign trade at the national and intergovernmental level
- Foreign trade policy of Russia
- Formation of the legislative, regulatory and legal framework for Russia's foreign trade
- The mechanism of state regulation of foreign trade activities in Russia
- Anti-dumping measures as an instrument of non-tariff restrictions
- Non-tariff restrictions of foreign trade operations
- Customs-tariff regulation of foreign trade operations
- Measures to assist exporters
- System of currency regulation of foreign trade activity
- Methods of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation
- Customs regulation as a method of state-economic impact on the sphere of foreign economic activity: essence, constituent elements
- Customs Tariffs and Customs Duties
- Calculation and procedure for payment of import duties, conditions for granting a deferred payment
- Methods for determining the customs value and the sequence of their application
- Customs regimes in the Russian Federation, their economic content and role in the system of customs and tariff regulation
- Types of taxes in the field of foreign economic activity, their discriminatory nature
- Value added tax and excises on imported goods: payers, amount, differentiation of rates, calculation procedure, payment terms
- Features of collection and refund of value added tax and excises under different customs regimes
- Special procedure for levying excises on certain imported goods, their intended purpose
- Principles of currency regulation
- The procedure for exercising state control over the import and export of precious metals from the Russian Federation
- The principle of regulating settlements with the state budget by exporters
- The system of currency control over export-import operations, its purpose and procedure for ensuring
- Currency control over import and barter transactions
- Institute of Currency Control Agents
- The system of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in Russia, its difference from foreign practice
- Licensing and export quotas and their scope
- Export quotas in Russia. Administrative and commercial principles for the distribution of export quotas
- Special export procedure for certain groups of goods and the process of its organization
- Certification of goods in the import control system
- Customs formalities for the export (import) of cargo, their sequence and confirmation with the necessary documents
- The procedure for applying the provisions of the Convention on the International Carriage of Goods with the issuance of an international road carrier book, etc.
- Customs escort of cargo, its organization and conditions of application within the framework of customs formalities
- Customs clearance
- The simplified procedure of customs clearance
- Movement across the customs border of currency and securities
- General rules for the movement of goods of individuals through customs
- The value of international private law in the regulation of foreign economic activity
- Sources of law in the field of foreign economic activity
- Substantive law and conflict of law rules
- State regulation of foreign investment
- Mechanism of international settlements
- Types of loans and forms of lending in foreign economic activity
- Leasing as a form of lending for foreign economic activity
- Positions of the currency terms of the contract
- Forms of foreign trade settlements
- Letter of credit in the practice of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Types of World Commodity Markets
- Value added tax on the export of certain works and services, the procedure for calculating and paying
- Arms Import Licensing
- The contingent of quota and licensed goods in Russia
- Export control in Russia, main purpose and scope
- Special control of export and import of nuclear materials, technologies and equipment in Russia
- Unified system of expert assessment of the quantity, quality and price of products exported from Russia
- Payment return methods for a commercial loan
- Criteria for choosing forms of foreign trade settlements
- The role of banks in the settlement system in foreign economic activity
- Federal bodies, their powers and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity in Russia
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of foreign economic activity
- Powers of the Ministry of Economic Development of Russia in the field of customs regulation
- The Federal Customs Service, its place and functions in the field of state regulation of foreign economic activity
- Levels and procedure for interaction between state federal and regional bodies in the structure of Russia's foreign economic complex
- Powers and functions of state institutions for currency regulation and control in the field of foreign economic activity
- The concept and essence of marketing in foreign economic activity
- Strategies for foreign economic activity
- The concept and content of operational marketing in foreign economic activity
- Export and commodity policy of the enterprise
- Types of offset transactions
34. Methods of non-tariff restrictions on foreign economic activity in the Russian Federation
The main methods of quantitative non-tariff restrictions in international trade are quotas, licensing and quotas.
Quota - limiting the size of imports using global, individual, seasonal, tariff and other types of percentage restrictions.
Global quota establishes a limit on the volume of imports in value or natural terms for a certain period.
Individual quota provides for the amount of imports in relation to specific countries or a specific product (its manufacturer). As a criterion in the distribution of an individual quota, the reciprocal obligations of states to import goods of a given country are taken into account. Such obligations are secured by trade agreements and take the form of a bilateral quota on a contractual basis.
Seasonal quotas set a limit on the size of imports of agricultural products for a certain time of the year. Restriction of import without taking into account the time period provide unspecified quotas.
Quotas are introduced to balance the development of foreign trade and balance of payments, regulate supply and demand in the domestic market, fulfill international obligations and reach a mutually beneficial agreement in intergovernmental negotiations.
Licensing - restriction in the form of obtaining the right or permission (license) from authorized state bodies to import or export a certain volume of goods. Licensing is a temporary measure carried out on the basis of strict control of certain commodity flows.
Licensing applies under the following circumstances:
▪ if it is necessary to rationally use foreign currency;
▪ in the absence of customs duties or their ineffective use;
▪ to negotiate counter concessions;
▪ as discriminatory actions.
Types of licenses:
▪ General license - a permanent permit to the company for the right to import certain goods from the countries listed in it without limiting the volume and cost;
▪ Individual license - a one-time permit for one trade operation with a specific type of product, contains information about its recipient, quantity, cost and country of origin of the product, is nominal, cannot be transferred to another importer and has a limited validity period (up to 1 year);
▪ Open individual licenses - permission to import an unlimited volume of goods;
▪ Automatic licenses with a simplified issuance process;
▪ Manual licenses - are not freely provided and are used to restrict the importer in cases where quotas for the import of products are not set in advance.
Contingenting - the establishment by the state of centralized control over import and export by limiting the range of goods within the established quantitative or cost quotas for a fixed period of time. Allocation is an integral element of licensing.
Being banned by the GATT, contingentation is widely used by individual states. In these countries, it covers a relatively small range of goods (ferrous metals, medicines, foodstuffs, textiles, and the most important types of raw materials). "Contingents" influence the volume and structure of foreign trade, as well as prices, ensuring their growth and bringing large profits to those companies that produce or sell the product that is the subject of the restriction.
It is necessary to distinguish contingents from tariff contingents, which allow the import of a certain amount of goods at reduced customs duties or duty-free, thereby falling out of the concept of non-tariff restriction.
Author: Bobkova O.V.
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