История государства и права России. Государственный строй древнерусского государства. Территориальное устройство Киевской Руси. Правовое положение населения Руси (самое важное)

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История государства и права России. Государственный строй древнерусского государства. Территориальное устройство Киевской Руси. Правовое положение населения Руси (самое важное)

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5. The political system of the ancient Russian state. Territorial structure of Kievan Rus. The legal status of the population of Russia

Kievan Rus is an early feudal state. Estates, classes, forms of ownership, etc., have not yet been sufficiently formed in it. At the same time, Kievan Rus already has the first features of statehood listed above, which distinguished it from the pre-existing tribal union of the Slavs.

Form of government in Kievan Rus - early feudal monarchy. Head of Kievan Rus was the Kyiv Grand Duke, who relied on the squad and the council of elders. On the ground, the power of the Grand Duke of Kyiv was carried out by him governors (in cities) and volosteli (in the countryside).

Signs of an early feudal monarchy:

1) the transfer of power in the order of inheritance, while there is no legislative consolidation of the mechanism for this transfer of power by seniority - from father to eldest son;

2) there is no legal responsibility of the ruler;

3) institutions of power have not been formed;

4) the powers and status of the council under the prince have not been established in any way;

5) a veche is a feature of a democratic state, but it was convened in exceptional cases and was not a permanent representative body;

6) the city meeting, as one of the features of limiting power, functioned quite constantly.

The authorities did not have permanent powers.

To characterize the form of state structure of Kievan Rus in the literature, as a rule, the expression "relatively united state" is used, which cannot be attributed to either unitary or federal. Gradually in the XI-XII centuries. the relations of Kyiv with the specific principalities and princes with the boyars took shape in a system that in the literature was called palace-patrimony. Kievan Rus had a strong center - Kyiv, which, with the help of the squad, kept around itself several dozen specific principalities.

At the head of all Russia was Great Kyiv prince, at the head of individual principalities - own princes. Relations between the prince of Kyiv and all other princes were built on the principle of "suzerainty-vassalage" and were secured by feudal treaties.

With time power of local feudal lords (XI-XII centuries) significantly is increasing and a new government is formed - feudal congress, whose powers included consideration of issues of war and peace, division of lands, vassalage.

The population in Kievan Rus was divided into:

1) vigilantes. They reported directly to the prince of Kyiv or to the specific prince;

2) service people, the highest among them were the specific princes and the actual service people who ensure the work of the state apparatus, and the servants of the princes were also included in this estate - this is the lowest category;

3) large feudal landowners, boyar-owners. They possessed considerable power within their own patrimony, this power constantly increased and later served as one of the reasons for feudal fragmentation in Russia;

4) farmers. Their legal status during the period of the early feudal monarchy was almost equal to all other estates, with the exception of their property status, however, over time, the peasants became more and more dependent on the feudal lords, which later gave rise to serfdom.

Special category of the population are church workers. During the period of the early feudal monarchy, they had significant power, since the church became one of the largest feudal landowners.

Political regime in Kievan Rus absent due to the underdevelopment of society.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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