43. Military reform of Peter I

Military reform - the main link in the chain of Petrine state reforms. AT 1699 BC - beginning of formation army recruitment system, the essence of which was that every 20 peasant or petty-bourgeois households in the Great Russian provinces had to put one recruit into the army at a certain time. The recruit service lasted 25 years, the officers served for life.

The latter was reinforced decree of unanimity. In addition to the fact that the difference between the estate and the patrimony was completely erased, the decree forbade the crushing of real estate, that is, land when it was inherited. Land could be bequeathed only to one of the sons, and in their absence - to one of the daughters. By issuing this decree, the government received the necessary personnel, since the younger sons of the deceased nobleman, losing their inheritance, had to earn a living in the public service. Moreover, only one of the three brothers could go to serve in the civilian sector.

С 1699 to 1725 was produced 53 recruit kits, of which: 21 main and 32 additional. A total of 284 men were taken into the army. The main military unit was the regiment (187 people). The regiments were united into brigades (1200-2 regiments). Three brigades made up a division. In total, by 3, Peter's field army consisted of 1721 regiments (about 73 thousand people).

During the same period, it was created military garrison system, which consisted of 55 regiments with a total number of 74 thousand people with 10 thousand guns. In total, the ground armed forces were armed with up to 15 thousand artillery pieces.

Under arms, Peter I had about 340 thousand soldiers and officers.

By the end of the Northern War, Russia had 29 battleships, 6 frigates, 208 galleys and other vessels in the Baltic. At the same time, the Caspian flotilla was built, numbering about 300 ships.

For the training of officers were created special schools (navigation, artillery, engineering), but the guards regiments - Preobrazhensky and Semenovsky - served as the main military-practical school for training officers for army regiments.

Guards - the first and most perfect creation Petra. These two regiments - 6 thousand bayonets - could compete with the best regiments of Europe in combat training and military spirit.

By the end of the reign of Peter in the country were designated two management structures - civil and military. The guard was the elite of the second structure. The civilian apparatus, in comparison with the guard, was unorganized, thieving, devoid of the consciousness of its mission, which was so strong in the guard. The Guard stood high above the apparatus and ruthlessly controlled it.

The management of the armed forces was entrusted to the Military and Admiralty Collegiums.

In 1719 was put into effect Military charter, which regulated the composition and organization of the army, the relationship of commanders and subordinates, the duties of army officials. In 1720 was adopted Maritime charter.

В October 1721 in connection with the victory in the Northern War, the Senate and the Holy Synod proclaimed Peter I Emperor of All Russia, great and father of the Fatherland. Russia has become an empire. The emperor, according to the provisions contained in the Military Articles, the Naval Charter and the Spiritual Regulations, had broader powers than the king in the XNUMXth century. The emperor was the supreme commander in chief and was at the head of the order and award systems of the empire.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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