89. The period of formation of the statehood of the Russian Federation (1986-1993)

The modern democratic statehood of the Russian Federation began to take shape in the period "perestroika" (1989-1993).

Essence of the reform of society in the USSR (1985) - the spread of publicity in public life, the restructuring of the apparatus in all state bodies.

Reasons for reforming the state apparatus:

1) the existing socialist system of state power has ceased to meet the new democratic principles recognized in the world community;

2) an unfavorable economic situation developed in the mid-70s. XNUMXth century - the shadow economy has spread widely in all spheres;

3) in 1980, corruption in the state apparatus was widespread.

The reforms were also aimed at changing the political situation in the country, the emergence of pluralism and a multi-party system.

The result of the reform of the socialist system In the USSR, there was an increase in national tension in its republics, which in turn led to interethnic armed clashes in 1988.

Reforms of the 1980s. touched upon and the economy, which led to problems in this area (a decline in production, inflation), although, as conceived by the reformers, the rights of enterprises and labor collectives, private entrepreneurial activity should have been expanded, and later it was supposed to privatize national property.

Consequences of the announcement of the course on the formation of market relations:

1) The Law "On the State Enterprise" of 1987 introduced self-financing and self-financing of enterprises while maintaining state monopolies;

2) private entrepreneurial activity was legalized;

3) formed four levels of prices: state, contractual, cooperative, "black market".

Reforms in the 1980s affected and agricultural sector economy. In 1988, lease agreements for land became widespread (for a period not exceeding 50 years), the maximum size of a personal plot and livestock in a private household was established (Regulations "On Collective Farms" of 1988).

As a result of the reform of the state apparatus in October 1988, a system of representative bodies of 2 levels:

1) Congress of People's Deputies;

2) Supreme Council.

The post of President of the USSR was established.

The first and only President of the USSR in March 1990 was elected General Secretary of the Central Committee of the CPSU M. S. Gorbachev.

Especially important foreign policy results of reforming socialist society:

1) the final collapse of the USSR (December 21, 1991, when at a meeting in Alma-Ata the CIS members recognized it only as a coordinating body; on December 26, 1991, they adopted the Declaration on the Termination of the USSR);

2) recognition of the Russian Federation as the legal successor of the USSR;

3) expansion of Russia's foreign policy relations.

Disadvantages of the 1980s reforms.:

1) the reform of the state apparatus led to destruction rather than transformation;

2) the reforms that initially went within the framework of the planned programs later got out of control of the initiators of these programs;

3) publicity was largely misunderstood, opening up access not only to the necessary information, but sometimes to state secrets, which led to the undermining of state authority.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

<< Back: USSR Constitution 1977

>> Forward: The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 Development of Russia at the present stage

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Ethics. Crib

▪ Roman law. Lecture notes

▪ History and theory of religions. Crib

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive ICL5102 - Efficient half-bridge AC-DC converter controller with PFC 27.08.2018 Infineon's ICL5102 is a new combined power supply controller that controls two stages at once: a power factor corrector (PFC) stage and a resonant half-bridge LLC converter stage (optionally LCC). The high level of integration of this solution ensures a low number of components and is well suited for compact and low profile power supplies. The configuration of the parameters of the ICL5102 chip is made by selecting the resistor values. With a starting current of about 100 μA, the controller allows you to start the power supply in no more than 300 ms. The PFC stage is implemented on the basis of a digital core and operates in the choke current limit (CrM) mode or switches to discontinuous current mode (DCM) at light load. This stage operates in the frequency range from 22 to 500 kHz and allows you to achieve a power factor of more than 95% and an input current harmonic distortion (THD) of less than 10%. The half-bridge stage contains a built-in low and high side driver for controlling an external transistor with a maximum voltage of up to 650 V. This microcircuit implements an adaptive dead time adjustment algorithm in the range of 500-1000 ns. The ICL5102 controller implements an algorithm for exiting the capacitive operation mode of the LLC converter. The capacitive mode can occur either with a short circuit in the load, or with a sharp increase in load (surge) or when starting the converter. The controller attempts to smoothly bring the converter out of capacitive mode by increasing the conversion frequency. If this does not help, then the controller is restarted. Technical advantages: Range of effective values ​​of input voltages 85...305 V; The operating frequency range of the PFC cascade is 22...500 kHz; Built-in isolated coreless transformer technology high-side driver of the output stage; High converter efficiency up to 95% is possible (both stages - KKM + LLC); External NTC resistor for overheating protection; Short soft start time up to 300 ms; Algorithm of regulation in the capacitive mode of the LLC-cascade; Run at 1,3 MHz; Stable operation under light load; Housing DSO-16; Operating temperature range -40...125°C. Typical applications: Industrial power supplies; Power supplies for consumer electronics; LED drivers.

Other interesting news:

▪ Makeup helps women build a career

▪ Nitroglycerin May Cause Migraines and Abnormal Cardiovascular Reactions

▪ Neolithic dairy farms

▪ A star with a unique magnetic field structure

▪ Panoramic camera GoPro Max 360

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ site section And then an inventor (TRIZ) appeared. Article selection

▪ article by Om Georg. Biography of a scientist

▪ How was time determined in the ancient world? Detailed answer

▪ article Definition of discounts and surcharges on tariffs

▪ article Pairing a digital multimeter with a computer. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Magnet in hand. Focus Secret

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024