История государства и права России. Предпосылки образования русского централизованного государства. Особенности русского централизованного государства (самое важное)

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История государства и права России. Предпосылки образования русского централизованного государства. Особенности русского централизованного государства (самое важное)

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12. Prerequisites for the formation of a Russian centralized state. Features of the Russian centralized state

The Russian centralized state took shape in XIV-XVI centuries.

Groups of prerequisites for the formation of a Russian centralized state.

1. Economic background: to the beginning of the XIV century. in Russia, after the Tatar-Mongol invasion, economic life gradually revived and developed, which was the economic basis for the struggle for unification and independence. Cities were also restored, residents returned to their native places, cultivated the land, engaged in crafts, and trade relations were established. Novgorod contributed a lot to this.

2. Social background: by the end of the XIV century. the economic situation in Russia has already completely stabilized. Against this background, later feudal features are developing, and the dependence of the peasants on large landowners is growing more and more. At the same time, the resistance of the peasants also increases, which reveals the need for a strong centralized government.

3. Political background, which in turn are subdivided into internal and external ones:

1) internal: in the XIV-XVI centuries. significantly increases and expands the power of the Moscow principality. His princes are building a state apparatus to strengthen their power;

2) foreign policy: the main foreign policy task of Russia was the need to overthrow the Tatar-Mongol yoke, which hampered the development of the Russian state. The restoration of the independence of Russia required a general unification against a single enemy: the Mongols - from the south, Lithuania and the Swedes - from the west.

One of the political prerequisites for the formation of a unified Russian state was Union of the Orthodox Church and the Catholic Western Church, signed by the Byzantine-Constantinople Patriarch. Russia became the only Orthodox state uniting all the principalities of Russia at the same time.

The unification of Russia took place around Moscow.

The reasons for the rise of Moscow are:

1) good geographical and economic position;

2) Moscow was independent in foreign policy, it did not gravitate towards either Lithuania or the Horde, therefore it became the center of the national liberation struggle;

3) Moscow's support from the largest Russian cities (Kostroma, Nizhny Novgorod, etc.);

4) Moscow - the center of Orthodoxy in Russia;

5) the absence of internal enmity among the princes of the Moscow house.

Merging Features:

1) the unification of Russian lands took place not in the conditions of late feudalism, as in Europe, but in the conditions of its heyday;

2) the union of Moscow princes served as the basis for unification in Russia, and in Europe - the urban bourgeoisie;

3) Russia united initially for political reasons, and then for economic ones, while the European states - primarily for economic ones.

The unification of Russian lands took place under the leadership of the prince of Moscow. He was the first to become the king of all Russia. AT 1478 BC after the unification of Novgorod and Moscow, Russia finally freed itself from the yoke. In 1485, Tver, Ryazan, etc., joined the Muscovite state.

Now the specific princes were controlled by proteges from Moscow. The Moscow prince becomes the supreme judge, he considers especially important cases.

The Moscow principality creates a new class for the first time nobles (service people), they were the soldiers of the Grand Duke, who were awarded land on the terms of service.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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