36. Prerequisites for the emergence of an absolute monarchy in Russia, its features

Legal definition of autocracy is contained in article 20: "His Majesty is an autocratic monarch who should not give an account of his affairs to anyone in the world; but he has his own states and lands, like a Christian sovereign, to rule according to his will and good thinking."

В October 1721 in connection with the victory in the Northern War The Senate and the Holy Synod confer on Peter I the title of "Father of the Fatherland, the Emperor of All Russia". The doctrine that power exists in the interests of the state and for the state was carried out in Moscow by Yuri Kryzhanich, then Feofan Prokopovich in "The Truth of the Monarch's Will".

The emperor had the right to make any laws. The will of the monarch was recognized as a single legal source of law.

Monarch - the source of executive power and the head of all state institutions. The presence of the monarch in a certain place terminated the entire administration, and power passed automatically to the monarch. All institutions of the empire had to carry out the decrees and decrees of the monarch, who was the supreme judge and source of all judicial power. He could decide any cases regardless of the decision of any judicial authorities.

The Emperor - actually the head of the Russian Orthodox Church. AT 1721 BC was educated Synodwhich was subordinate to the Senate. The Church has become a public institution on a par with any other collegium (with some reservations). Thus, the monarch became the legal head of the church. The decisions of the monarch were not subject to discussion. Accordingly, the ideological role of the church was lost.

К late XVII-early XVIII centuries. in Russia all the typical signs of an absolute monarchy:

1) centralization of state administration, strengthening of state control (in 1722, the prosecutor's office was established). By the end of the XVII century. the number of governors increased to two hundred and fifty, they concentrated all administrative, judicial and military power in the field, obeying the center, and at the end of the XNUMXth century. larger administrative units were formed - ranks;

2) class-representative bodies fell into decline (in particular, zemstvo councils ceased to be convened);

3) a strong professional bureaucracy was created (this was facilitated by the replacement of orders by colleges);

4) Russia in 1721 became an empire, its expansionist aspirations intensified;

5) the legal status of various estates was legally regulated;

6) the main support of the autocracy was the consolidated layer of landlords-landowners ("gentry");

7) patriarchal ideology began to dominate in society (it was not for nothing that since 1721 Peter I was officially called the "father of the Fatherland").

The driving forces and conditions for the formation of an absolute monarchy in Russia differ markedly from the prerequisites for the emergence of absolutism in Western Europe. For example, absolute monarchy in Europe took shape under the conditions of the development of capitalist relations and the abolition of old feudal institutions (especially serfdom), while absolutism in Russia coincided with the development of serfdom. Consequently, many authors traditionally attribute the emergence of absolutism in Russia to the period of the Petrine reforms, believing that the autocracy of the XV-XVII centuries. cannot be regarded as an absolute monarchy.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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