История государства и права России. Возникновение государственности у славян. Образование древнерусского государства. Теории происхождения древнерусского государства (самое важное)

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История государства и права России. Возникновение государственности у славян. Образование древнерусского государства. Теории происхождения древнерусского государства (самое важное)

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3. The emergence of statehood among the Slavs. Formation of the ancient Russian state. Theories of the origin of the ancient Russian state

В IX century. on the territory of modern Russia were located first states:

1) Kuyavia - on the territory of Kyiv;

2) Slavia - on the territory of Novgorod;

3) Arseny Its location is unknown to historians.

The statehood of the Russians was formed under the influence of Khazar Khaganate. The Khazars were not Christians, but they were religiously tolerant, which contributed to the formation of an independent state. However, armed clashes constantly occurred with the Khazars, since in the VIII-IX centuries. Khazaria successfully traded in the slave market, most of which were captive Eastern Slavs.

Khazaria, being a state of the eastern warehouse, largely determined the cultural development of the Russian state not only as a multinational, but primarily as combining the features of the European legal system and the features of eastern influence.

The development of the statehood of the tribes of the Eastern Slavs was greatly influenced by the Asian peoples of the Turkic-Tatar tribe: the Pechenegs, Torks (Turks), Polovtsy, and already in the XNUMXth century. - Tatars who settled in the southern areas.

The way of life of the Slavs - sedentary.

Life - neighborhood community.

The main occupation - agriculture.

Signs of the formation of Kievan Rus as a state:

1) the transition from a tribal community to a territorial and neighboring one;

2) the presence of power of some persons over others, the formation of a power apparatus;

3) the introduction of taxes to maintain the state mechanism.

The main reason for the emergence of the Kievan state scientists call the throwing of the yoke of the Normans from the Novgorod lands in the middle of the XNUMXth century. There was a need to protect the territory by the armed forces, which means that there was a need for a state apparatus. Unrest over constant external invasions continued, so a group of residents went to the Varangians (Rusichs), from among whom a ruler (prince, governor) was elected on the Russian lands. Thus, in Novgorod began to reign Rurik, for the first time statehood officially took shape on the territory of modern Russia.

The only ruler in Novgorod was one of the three Rurik brothers, who after his death left a minor heir - Igor. Instead of a minor heir (in those years there was no mandatory transfer of power by blood inheritance), Oleg, nicknamed the Prophet, became the ruler.

Prophetic Oleg in 882 he went on a campaign and captured Kyiv, as well as other lands on the way "from the Varangians to the Greeks" - a single territory of Russia was formed. Oleg annexed many more territories to Russia through the capture or peaceful annexation of neighboring lands. He also moved the capital to Kyiv, thanks to which Russia was called Kievan, and all the princes - "great Kievan."

The Russian state finally took shape - Kievan Rus.

Normanism and anti-Normanism - these are two theories of the formation of the Kyiv state. The author of the first version is Byronwho drew his conclusions from the manuscripts he read. The author of the second version is Lomonosov.

Both theories agree that Kievan Rus was formed from the reign of the Ruriks, but their points of view differ in determining the nationality of the Ruriks:

1) Normanism defends the point of view that Rurik is Norman by origin;

2) anti-Normanism is of the opinion that the Ruriks are not Normans.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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