40. The highest authorities and administration in the first quarter of the XNUMXth century

In the first quarter of the XVIII century. Numerous reforms of the supreme bodies of power and administration took place. These reforms are usually divided into three stages:

1) 1699-1710 - partial transformations;

2) 1710-1719 - the liquidation of the former central authorities and administration, the creation of the Senate, the emergence of a new capital;

3) 1719-1725 - the formation of new bodies of sectoral administration, the implementation of the second regional reform, the reform of church administration and financial and tax.

It has gained paramount importance Near office, at the meeting of which 1705 BC no more than 20 people took part. Real power was wielded by the Council of Ministers, which met in the building of the Near Chancellery - the council of heads of the most important departments under the tsar.

The next step in the reform of the central authorities was the creation Senate, which was formed in 1711. Its members were appointed by the king. The Senate initially consisted of only nine people who decided matters collectively. From 1718 to 1722 this body became the meeting of the presidents of the colleges, and in 1722 it was reformed by three decrees of the emperor. This reform turned the Senate into supreme body of central governmentwho stood above the entire state apparatus. AT its competence included issues of justice, treasury expenses and taxes, trade, control over the administration of various levels.

In order to oversee the activities of the administration under the Senate, a position was established chief fiscalto which they were to be subject provincial fiscals. Reported denunciations by the fiscals to the Senate on a monthly basis reprisal chamber, restored in 1712. Dissatisfied with the work of fiscals, Peter I established a position under the Senate in 1715 auditor general, or overseer of decrees. In 1722, the Prosecutor General was entrusted with the leadership of the work of the senators. P. I. Yaguzhinsky (1683-1738).

В 1718 BC with the establishment collegiums all administrative functions of the Senate are transferred to collegiums.

The Senate became the general meeting of the presidents of the collegiums. It was not a permanent body, but temporary meeting presidents, which met, if necessary, for a joint decision on some matter. The department of the Senate included issues that were not regulated by any collegium. In other words, there was practically nothing left for the Senate, since the system of colleges covered all the main areas of public life.

The collegiate system provided for the systematic division of the administration into a certain number of departments, which in itself created a higher level of centralization. In total, by 1721, there were 12 colleges: foreign, military, admiralty, staff offices (management of all government spending), revision (control over income and expenses), commerce, berg college (mining), manufactory college (industry), chamberlain (palace), justice , patrimonial and chamber board (taxes and fees). In addition, the chief magistrate, who ruled the city estate, and the Holy Governing Synod, were on the rights of the colleges.

В 1722 BC posts were also created racketmaster и king of arms. The first accepted and considered complaints about red tape or unfair decisions of the collegium, reported about it to the Senate, and in some cases to the sovereign himself. The king of arms was in charge of the entire service of the nobles, and they all (men) had to serve for life.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

<< Back: The legal status of peasants in Russia during the period of absolute monarchy

>> Forward: Administrative-territorial structure of Russia and local self-government of the XNUMXth century

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ International Auditing Standards. Crib

▪ Criminal process. Lecture notes

▪ Endocrinology. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Conveying empathy through social interaction 27.02.2024 Scientists have made a discovery: empathy and compassion can spread through social interaction. That's according to a new study by an international team of scientists who conducted four separate experiments involving more than 50 volunteers to study changes in empathy. Participants' ratings showed that empathy levels, based on both self-reports and brain scans, changed after observing others' reactions. This suggests that caring for others can be contagious in society if enough people demonstrate it. "Depending on whether people were empathetic or not, empathy levels increased or decreased," explains neuroscientist Griet Hein from the University of Würzburg in Germany. In each of the four experiments, empathy was measured after watching a video of a person being subjected to painful hand stimulation. Participants were then shown videos of other people reacting to the same videos and their empathy levels were again measured. When people saw others express empathy, it increased their own empathy, whereas ambivalence decreased it. In other words, the empathy we feel seems to be influenced by those around us and our social environment. The study confirms that empathy can be transmitted and spread through social interaction. This phenomenon highlights the importance of social settings and demonstrations of empathy in shaping people's feelings and reactions.

Other interesting news:

▪ Organic rechargeable household batteries

▪ Development of antibiotic resistance

▪ Water from the air

▪ GUI Controlled Digital Power Controllers for Point-of-Load Systems

▪ Fiber optic sensors for train safety

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site RF power amplifiers. Article selection

▪ article Sitting at the same table with the Philistines. Popular expression

▪ article When did the first flags appear? Detailed answer

▪ article Was there an earthquake? Children's Science Lab

▪ article Illumination of a personal plot. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Stable RF generator. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024