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История государства и права России. Манифест об усовершенствовании государственного порядка 17 октября 1905 г. Основные государственные законы 1906 г (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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54. Manifesto on the improvement of the state order October 17, 1905 Basic state laws of 1906

The manifesto of 1905 was issued by the Emperor Nicholas II October 17, 1905 under the pressure of growing popular unrest: a general political strike and armed uprisings in Moscow and in many other cities. This manifesto satisfied some of the strikers, as it was a real step towards the transition to a limited constitutional monarchy.

The manifesto was the first liberal-minded legislative act of tsarist Russia.

The main provisions of the Manifesto:

1) consolidation of freedom of conscience, speech, meetings and gatherings;

2) involvement in the elections of the general population;

3) the obligatory procedure for the approval by the State Duma of all published laws.

Under these conditions, the Russian bourgeoisie not only did not lead the revolutionary struggle for bourgeois-democratic transformations, but sought to prevent the further development of the revolution.

The manifesto changed the system of public administration - there were Councils of Workers' Deputies. Initially, they were strike committees, but gradually turned into bodies of political struggle.

Principles of organization and activity of the Councils:

1) the representative nature of the Soviets;

2) democratic elections by secret or open voting;

3) they could include women;

4) they formed executive committees (presidiums) and commissions on certain issues;

5) accountability of deputies to voters;

6) the possibility of replacing deputies who have not justified the trust of voters;

7) the work of the Councils according to the instructions of the electors;

8) wide involvement of workers in the meetings of the Soviets.

In 1905-1907. 55 Soviets were formed, of which 44 were Bolshevik-minded, so they became the grinding bodies of the new revolutionary government.

The Soviets had the right to apply revolutionary democratic measures: to form fighting squads, workers' militia, opened and seized printing houses, had their own publications, disseminated revolutionary ideas, thereby introducing actual freedom of the press.

Manifesto saved class inequality bourgeoisie with the nobility and the restriction of the first in the right to occupy the highest positions in the state apparatus.

The main state laws were signed by Nicholas II on April 23, 1906. They were an act of autocracy, which Nicholas II decided on after the suppression of the largest uprisings. These laws could only be changed by the emperor.

Contents of the Basic Laws:

1) the supreme autocratic power belongs only to the All-Russian emperor;

2) the power of government also belongs to the emperor;

3) legislative - jointly to the emperor, the Duma and the Council; the exclusive competence of the emperor in the field of legislation; questions of payments on state debts and loans - to the Ministry of the Court, state loans.

The main state laws of 1906 forbade the tsar to change the suffrage on his own, but Nicholas II violated this provision and passed a law that limited the voting rights of workers, non-Russian peoples, and others.

The population in Russia was still divided into estates: the nobility; clergy; city ​​inhabitants (among them a group of honorary citizens stood out); rural residents.

Class privileges were preserved, for example, the clergy and nobility.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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