42. Judicial system and police authorities in the XNUMXth century

For the judicial function were established first sole landrichters, and then (January 8, 1719) and collegiate courts of law of presidents and assessors chaired by Oberlandrichters. Collegiate "provincial" courts chaired by ober-landrichters were established in large cities, and city judges were established in small towns.

Peter I sought to implement the principle of separating the court from the administration, which was never fully implemented. The governors, without interfering in legal proceedings, could stop the execution of court decisions, although they were responsible for an unfounded protest.

В 1722 BC the court was reunited with the administration. The governor presides over the courts. As for the provincial courts, the governor and one or two assessors acted as judges. Sometimes the latter were seconded to remote cities of a given province for a sole court.

Peter created system of military and naval courts.

There prosecutors, which were created from above: first, in 1722, the rank of prosecutor general was created, then the fiscals (already created in 1711 as employees of the body of secret supervision) were reassigned to him. At first, the prosecutor's office was a body of general supervision, in addition, the prosecutor general supervised the Senate.

During the reform 1775 BC an attempt was made to separate the court from the administration, i.e., the courts were not subordinate to local executive bodies. Class courts were created (for the nobility, the judge was a nobleman, for the townspeople - a city dweller, but for the peasants there could also be a nobleman).

There are two types of courts:

1) for nobles - county and upper zemstvo court;

2) for citizens - city magistrate, provincial magistrate;

3) for peasants - the lower massacre in the county and the upper massacre in the province.

Then it is created state court, divided into a civil chamber and a criminal law chamber. This court consisted of officials who were appointed by the state. It was of an appeal nature, and its decisions could be appealed to the Senate.

Court of Appeal dealt with in the same manner as in the first instance. An appeal can be filed with any outcome of the court, but then it was purely formal and dragged on (due to the lack of means of communication) sometimes for a decade.

В beginning of the 18th century. a new body appears in the system of the state apparatus - police, which performed an important task of protecting the feudal system.

Initially, police bodies were created in St. Petersburg and Moscow. AT 1718 BC position is established police chief general Petersburg, in 1722 BC in Moscow - chief police chief. They headed the offices of police chiefs. The police relied in their activities on the elders of the streets and tenths, elected from merchants and artisans. The competence of the police was extensive: maintaining order, fighting crime in the city, urban improvement, catching runaway peasants, and firefighting measures.

Prisons occupied a prominent place among the punitive organs. According to the Council Code of 1649, imprisonment as a measure of punishment was provided for in 40 cases; This measure was also applied according to the Military Article of 1715.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

<< Back: Administrative-territorial structure of Russia and local self-government of the XNUMXth century

>> Forward: Military reform of Peter I

We recommend interesting articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets:

▪ Culturology. Lecture notes

▪ Forensic Medicine. Lecture notes

▪ Informatics. Lecture notes

See other articles Section Lecture notes, cheat sheets.

Read and write useful comments on this article.

<< Back

Latest news of science and technology, new electronics:

The existence of an entropy rule for quantum entanglement has been proven 09.05.2024

Quantum mechanics continues to amaze us with its mysterious phenomena and unexpected discoveries. Recently, Bartosz Regula from the RIKEN Center for Quantum Computing and Ludovico Lamy from the University of Amsterdam presented a new discovery that concerns quantum entanglement and its relation to entropy. Quantum entanglement plays an important role in modern quantum information science and technology. However, the complexity of its structure makes understanding and managing it challenging. Regulus and Lamy's discovery shows that quantum entanglement follows an entropy rule similar to that for classical systems. This discovery opens new perspectives in the field of quantum information science and technology, deepening our understanding of quantum entanglement and its connection to thermodynamics. The results of the study indicate the possibility of reversibility of entanglement transformations, which could greatly simplify their use in various quantum technologies. Opening a new rule ... >>

Mini air conditioner Sony Reon Pocket 5 09.05.2024

Summer is a time for relaxation and travel, but often the heat can turn this time into an unbearable torment. Meet a new product from Sony - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-air conditioner, which promises to make summer more comfortable for its users. Sony has introduced a unique device - the Reon Pocket 5 mini-conditioner, which provides body cooling on hot days. With it, users can enjoy coolness anytime, anywhere by simply wearing it around their neck. This mini air conditioner is equipped with automatic adjustment of operating modes, as well as temperature and humidity sensors. Thanks to innovative technologies, Reon Pocket 5 adjusts its operation depending on the user's activity and environmental conditions. Users can easily adjust the temperature using a dedicated mobile app connected via Bluetooth. Additionally, specially designed T-shirts and shorts are available for convenience, to which a mini air conditioner can be attached. The device can oh ... >>

Energy from space for Starship 08.05.2024

Producing solar energy in space is becoming more feasible with the advent of new technologies and the development of space programs. The head of the startup Virtus Solis shared his vision of using SpaceX's Starship to create orbital power plants capable of powering the Earth. Startup Virtus Solis has unveiled an ambitious project to create orbital power plants using SpaceX's Starship. This idea could significantly change the field of solar energy production, making it more accessible and cheaper. The core of the startup's plan is to reduce the cost of launching satellites into space using Starship. This technological breakthrough is expected to make solar energy production in space more competitive with traditional energy sources. Virtual Solis plans to build large photovoltaic panels in orbit, using Starship to deliver the necessary equipment. However, one of the key challenges ... >>

Random news from the Archive Chips help assemble furniture 29.11.2002 Firm "Ikea" produces prefabricated cabinets with "checking" microcircuits. Six motion and pressure sensors are built into each wall of such a cabinet, connected to a microcircuit, which is also built into one of the walls. If the person assembling the cabinet mounts something incorrectly, the sensors detect it, and the microcircuit sends a warning signal to the screen of a special monitor. The device runs on batteries and is activated by light, that is, only when all parts are removed from the boxes. This eliminates the unnecessary consumption of battery power during the pre-sale storage of furniture.

Other interesting news:

▪ Smart door for cats and dogs

▪ Huawei's fastest smartphone

▪ Milk yarn

▪ Time zone for the moon

▪ ADXL311 - accelerometer chip

News feed of science and technology, new electronics

Interesting materials of the Free Technical Library:

▪ section of the site for the Musician. Selection of articles

▪ bugle article. Popular expression

▪ article Who are patricians? Detailed answer

▪ article Muscles from the air. Children's Science Lab

▪ article Brightness control lamp. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

▪ article Voltage converter with Shi stabilization. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

Leave your comment on this article:

All languages ​​of this page

Arabic	Hebrew	Polish
Bengali	Hindi	Portuguese
Chinese	Italian	Spanish
English	Japanese	Turkish
French	Korean	Ukrainian
German	Malay	Vietnamese

Home page | Library | Articles | Website map | Site Reviews

www.diagram.com.ua
2000-2024