62. Legislation on the elimination of the estate system and the legal status of Russian citizens in 1917-1918

The policy of the Soviet state radically changed the social structure of society. The Soviet state sought to completely eradicate class inequality in the country, but at the same time, one of the most important tasks of state power was called the destruction of the exploiting class.

Were abolished:

1) the institution of Russian citizenship;

2) the registration of citizens to a certain estate and the acquisition of rights and obligations depending on this registration, which in turn was determined by the birth of the person.

For the first time, the idea of ​​carrying out a class reform appeared during the work of the Provisional Government. On March 3, 1917, the "Declaration of the Provisional Government on its Composition and Tasks" was adopted.

This declaration:

1) established the democratic rights and freedoms of citizens;

2) canceled restrictions on national and religious grounds;

3) voting rights were granted to women;

4) it did not abolish estate privileges and ranks.

The estates were finally abolished by the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars of November 10, 1917 "On the destruction of estates and civil ranks." According to this Decree, citizens of the Soviet state were equalized in rights, all estates and ranks, titles and ranks were abolished, class institutions were abolished.

According to the Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee and the Council of People's Commissars, a single status and name was established for all citizens - "citizen of the Russian Republic", that is, the institution of citizenship was introduced.

Features of citizenship of the Soviet state: equal rights and obligations were established only for the working class. For persons who use the labor of other citizens, or persons living on unearned income, as well as for clergy and private merchants, trade and commercial intermediaries, restrictions on voting rights were established.

The listed persons were required to have work books of non-workers (according to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars of October 5, 1918). These documents had the status of identity cards for the corresponding category of citizens. Employment books for non-working people were to be in the hands of freelancers, former officers, pupils of the cadet corps, former sworn attorneys and their assistants, etc.

Employment books for non-workers limited their holders in the right of free movement. In addition, they were obliged to perform socially useful work at the place of residence, on the basis of marks in the work book, according to which food rations were issued.

Major innovations Soviet authorities in the field of social security of citizens consisted in the fact that in October 1920, by decree of the Council of People's Commissars, payments for fuel, housing, water, electricity, use of the post office, telegraph, and telephone were completely abolished.

The economic sphere of the country's public life also became more social: from November 1918, according to the Decree of the Council of People's Commissars on the organization of supplying the population with all products and items for personal consumption and household, mandatory support was approved for the country's poor population.

To do this, the People's Commissariat of Food formed a special cooperative apparatus. It included separate (local) unified consumer societies (EPO), to which all citizens were attached.

Consumer cooperatives distributed food and commodity rations to the population to receive basic necessities.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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