29. Mandatory system of government and the system of local self-government in the period of a class-representative monarchy

Orders - bodies of the centralized control system, which originally developed from individual and temporary government orders issued by the Moscow Grand Duke for boyars and free servants. In general, an order is a private commission, not an organ. But in the XVI-XVII centuries. these "sole assignments" turned into complex and permanent government offices, called "huts" or "orders".

The allocation of orders occurred as a result of a gradual transition from the palace and patrimonial system of government.

Order comes from the word "order". Orders were headed by boyars, to whom clerks, clerks and assistants, clerks, were subordinate.

Order people, in addition to management, repaired the court. Main judge - head of the order (boyar).

Command control system:

1) State order (his competence included managing the treasury of the Grand Duke and his archive, all merchants, silversmiths and the money yard);

2) Palace order, or order of the Grand Palace (ruled the palace lands and their population);

3) stable order (he was in charge of the equestrian noble militia);

4) Discharge order (carried out management of the noble troops, accounting for service people, their ranks and positions);

5) Ambassadorial order (his competence included all external relations of the Russian state);

6) holopy order (included a stolnik and a clerk, managed domestic, bonded and other dependent people, their legal status, and their trial);

7) Rogue order (he headed the system of police and detective bodies, approved the posts of labial elders, kissers and clerks, considered cases of robberies at the second instance);

8) printed order (he was in charge of printing issues, supervision of scribes and publishers of books);

9) Pharmaceutical order (engaged in medical affairs);

10) Kazan, Siberian and Little Russian orders (their jurisdiction included the relevant territories; they were formed after the accession of these territories to the Russian state.

The entire territory of the Russian state during the period of the estate-representative monarchy was divided into counties (the largest administrative-territorial units), which in turn were divided into camps, and the latter into volosts. Special "ranks" (military districts) were established, and from the 30s of the XNUMXth century. a new system of local self-government began to take shape (labial institutions), according to which new judicial (labial) districts and districts of local self-government - zemstvos - were formed.

Zemstvo and provincial institutions were called, respectively, "zemstvo" and "lip huts", whose officials were elected to positions. Control and regulation of their activities were carried out by appropriate orders.

During the period of the estate-representative monarchy, special administration was still allocated in separate estates and estates.

Votchina This is unconditional hereditary land tenure. Within the limits of the patrimony, its owner completely independently carried out management, could appoint officials of the lipo institutions (they were not elected, as in other parts of the Muscovite state).

Estate - this is a conditional land tenure given for public service for its term. Within the boundaries of the estate, its owner did not have the rights of a patrimony.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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