59. Dual power

February 26, 1917 there are clashes with the police and gendarmerie, but part of the troops, unexpectedly for the authorities, goes over to the side of the rebels.

February 27 began the widespread transition of the army to the side of the rebels. Created immediately 2 bodies governing this rebellion:

1) the Provisional Government, which is a legitimate authority;

2) Petrograd Soviet of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies.

The Provisional Government - this is the whole of Russia legally. In addition to the Petrograd Soviet, in March 1917, more than 600 local councils arose, which elected permanent bodies - executive committees. These were the elected representatives of the people, who relied on the broad support of the working masses.

Soviets 1917 - an elected body, but without a single document on the election, accordingly, for a long time there was no body coordinating the actions of the councils, and the Petrograd Soviet took on this role. In the provinces created two types of advice:

1) workers' and soldiers' deputies;

2) peasant deputies.

From these councils, a council was created, which immediately constituted itself, and for the time between council meetings, its duties were performed by the executive committee (VTsIK).

SR-Menshevik The leaders of the Petrograd Soviet wanted to see Russia as a republic, but did not insist on it, while the Cadets wanted to see it as a constitutional monarchy. However, under the conditions of the revolution, the Cadets, at their congress in March 1917, agreed with the proclamation of Russia as a republic. There was a peculiar situation when two governments functioned in the country. These two alternative systems could not be combined, since they represented the interests of opposite social strata of society. The system headed by the Provisional Government was in a priority position, because it had experienced personnel who knew the science and practice of management, there were connections, knowledge, support for foreign political forces and domestic capital, there were funds.

At that time, representatives of the parties Mensheviks и Socialist Revolutionarieswho focused not on the victory of socialism, believing that in backward Russia there are no conditions for this, but on the development and consolidation of its bourgeois-democratic gains. Such a task, they believed, could be performed during the transitional period by the Provisional Bourgeois Government, which, in carrying out the democratic transformations of the country, must be provided with support, and, if necessary, put pressure on it. In fact, even during the period of dual power, real power was in the hands of the soviets, for the Provisional Government could govern only with their support and carry out its decrees with their sanction. The Soviets of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies acted jointly and held their meetings in one building - the Taurida Palace, which became the center of the country's political life. Then followed crises of the Provisional Government:

1) April 18, 1917, Milyukov's note - the intention of the Provisional Government to bring the war to a decisive end - the uprising - "Down with the Provisional Government!";

2) the June crisis - Lenin said that the Bolsheviks were ready to take power into their own hands, and his "party is the mind, honor and conscience of our era";

3) the failure of the army, July 4 - the protests of the workers.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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