49. Peasant reform of 1861

1861 was marked by a peasant reform, as a result of which the peasantry of Russia was freed from centuries of feudal bondage.

The main provisions of the peasant reform.

The peasants received:

1) personal freedom;

2) limited freedom of movement (remained dependent on peasant communities);

3) the right to general education, with the exception of especially privileged educational institutions;

4) the right to engage in public service;

5) the right to engage in trade, other business activities;

6) from now on, peasants could join guilds;

7) the right to go to court on equal grounds with representatives of other estates;

8) the peasants were in the position of temporarily obligated to the landowners until they bought out a plot of land for themselves, while the amount of work or dues was stipulated by law, depending on the size of the plot; the land was not transferred free of charge to the peasants, who did not have sufficient funds to buy out plots of land for themselves, which is why the process of complete emancipation of the peasantry dragged on until the revolution of 1917, however, the state approached the issue of land quite democratically and provided that if the peasant did not could redeem the whole allotment, then he paid a part, and the rest - the state.

The procedure for the redemption of land allotment by peasants was as follows:

1) the land was completely retained by the landlords, while the peasants were entitled only to "their settled share", for which they had to pay 25% of the redemption amount in cash;

2) further, all other funds came to the owner of the land from the treasury, however, the peasants had to reimburse this amount with interest to the state within 49 years.

Coming out of serfdom, the peasants had to establish rural societies, i.e., settlements owned by one or more owners.

Such villages, located in the neighborhood, united in volosts (parishes).

In rural society, a kind of peasant self-government: at the head of the volost were the volost headman and the volost gathering, composed of householders of the volost. These bodies were of economic and administrative importance.

Depending on the land where the land allotment was provided to the peasants (non-chernozem, chernozem or steppe zone), different sizes were established capitation.

Therefore, based on the fertility of the land in each individual locality, the maximum size of the land allotment allocated to the peasants was established. This size was the starting point for determining the specific size of the redeemed allotment, which could not be less than 1/3 of the maximum size. Land owners could provide a smaller plot of land free of charge, the so-called "beggarly plot".

For the whole of Russia, the highest norm of a peasant allotment was 7 acres, and the lowest - 3.

The main a positive result of the peasant reform is the equalization of members of society in their natural rights and, above all, in the right to personal freedom.

Disadvantages of the peasant reform:

1) the preservation of large landed estates;

2) the small size of peasant allotments;

3) the establishment of peasant communities and the establishment of mutual responsibility within these communities.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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