61. Soviet law enforcement agencies (militia, military emergency commissions): their competence and formation

1917-1920 - the period of the civil war. Under these conditions, special bodies were formed to combat counter-revolutionary forces: the police (police and military bodies) and emergency justice bodies.

Extrajudicial organs of repression are the organs of emergency justice.

Supreme body of emergency justice - The All-Russian Extraordinary Commission (VChK), which was established on December 7, 1917 by the decree of the Council of People's Commissars "On the Formation of the All-Russian Extraordinary Commission."

The exclusive competence of the Cheka: the sphere of search and preliminary investigation of crimes against the Soviet regime.

Initially, the bodies of the Cheka were not judicial bodies, they transferred cases after the investigation to the courts. This was done by special investigative commissions at the military tribunal. Since February 1917, the competence of the Cheka included judicial powers, they had the right to "shoot counter-revolutionaries on the spot."

On the ground since March 1918, local emergency commissions (Cheka) began to form. These bodies were accountable to the Cheka. Local Chekas had the exclusive right to arrests, searches, requisitions, confiscations and the use of repressive measures.

By July 1918, local Chekas had been formed in all regions of the Soviet state. They functioned simultaneously with local councils, and often instead of them.

From April 1918, the Cheka began to form special combat detachments to maintain law and order and fight against counter-revolution.

The following specialized bodies were formed in the system of emergency bodies:

1) the border Chekas were formed in the summer of 1918, and later were transferred to a special department of the Cheka;

2) transport authorities of the Cheka - also in the summer of 1918;

3) special departments in the army and navy - at the end of 1918.

All the Chekas, including the local ones, independently considered cases on the merits, passed sentences on them and executed them, that is, "socially dangerous elements" could be imprisoned in an administrative and extrajudicial manner.

Under the Cheka, a Special Revolutionary Tribunal was formed to combat theft, speculation, forgery, abuse of office in economic and distribution bodies.

During the Civil War, the forced labor camps of the NKVD and the Cheka were the executive-repressive bodies.

The Cheka was abolished at the end of 1921 by decision of the IX All-Russian Congress of Soviets.

The militia of the Soviet state was formed according to the instructions of the NKVD and the People's Commissariat for Justice "On the organization of the workers' and peasants' militia" (October 1918).

We can name the following militia tasks:

1) protection of public order;

2) the fight against crime, etc.

The militia system included the following bodies:

1) The Main Directorate of the Workers' and Peasants' Militia of the NKVD of the RSFSR is the highest body; under him, the Central Directorate of Criminal Investigation was formed;

2) local police departments of counties and cities (they were in dual subordination: the NKVD and the local executive committees of the Soviets); under them, criminal investigation departments were formed;

3) special police bodies: industrial (factory, forestry, mining, etc.), railway, water (river, sea), search police.

The police had the status of special forces when used in combat operations. The system was managed by the NKVD.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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