56. Stolypin agrarian reform

We can assume that the reform began as early as 1905, when the Manifesto of November 3 "On improving the welfare and easing the situation of the peasant population" announced the reduction of redemption payments by half from January 1, 1906 and their cancellation from January 1, 1907. The manifesto promised and expansion of concessional lending by the Peasants' Bank for purchase and sale transactions.

Stolypin agrarian reform was an important event in the economic and social life of the country, especially the village. Stolypin was known not only for his repressions. He believed, not without reason, that the revolution was generated by certain shortcomings of social relations in Russia, which should be eliminated. He considered the main disadvantage of the rural community, preserved by the peasant reform and hindering the development of capitalism in the countryside. It was precisely for its destruction that the royal decree of November 9, 1906, prepared by Stolypin.

According to Stolypin's concept, the modernization of the country could be carried out if three conditions were met: firstly, it was necessary to make the peasants full-fledged owners; secondly, it is necessary to implement universal primary literacy education in a compulsory four-year primary school; and finally, to achieve enhanced industrial growth, supported by the development of the domestic market.

Stolypin proceeded from the need to create in the countryside a mass and stronger than the landlords social support of the autocracy - the kulaks.

According to Decree of November 9, 1906 "On the addition of certain decrees of the current law concerning peasant land ownership and land use" any peasant had the right to withdraw from the community and demand for his sole property the appropriate land allotment, which was due to him when he was part of the community. Agrarian legislation pursued the goal of providing the most favorable conditions for the formation of kulak farms. The partial destruction of the peasant community, which contributed to the development of bourgeois relations, did indeed occur, and this was the progressive significance of the reform. Adopted on June 14, 1910, the Law "On Amending and Supplementing Certain Decrees on Peasant Land Ownership" developed the main provisions of the above-mentioned decree: for example, in all communities where there were no land redistributions, land was declared personal property.

An important part of the reform was the resettlement policy. Stolypin wanted to ease the need for land in Central Russia, the Baltic States, which was an explosive force. A broad and voluntary resettlement of peasants to state lands in the eastern regions of the country was organized. However, the resettlement was poorly organized, which significantly reduced its results.

The peasant reform of 1861, having freed the peasants, still did not solve all the problems associated with the agrarian sector.

The main nodes of contradictions remained the preservation:

1) large landownership with little land for the bulk of the population;

2) redemption payments (for allotment land under the reform of 1861);

3) two types of peasant land tenure: communal (on the right of common joint ownership) and household (on the right of sole private property).

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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