48. Prerequisites for the bourgeois reforms of the XNUMXth century

Second half of the XNUMXth century was marked by the implementation of bourgeois reforms in the field of the legal status of peasants, the structure of the administration of zemstvos and cities, the judicial and police systems.

Types of prerequisites for bourgeois reforms of the 60-70s. XIX century.:

1) socio-economic;

2) political;

3) ideological.

Socio-economic background: by the middle of the XIX century. the decline of the feudal mode of production became obvious, the bourgeois features of production appeared more and more openly on the industrial arena, capitalist forms of management appeared and spread widely, replacing the old feudal production patterns. Already to 20s XIX century. civilian workers were used more and more, and 1960s. their number exceeded 50% of the workforce in factories, patrimonial and possessional manufactories ceased to exist, giving way to new bourgeois relations.

Industrial revolution of the 30-40s. XIX century. acutely raised the problem of shortage of personnel, since the majority of the population was in serfdom and did not have the opportunity to leave their landowners. At the same time, noble land ownership became smaller, land began to rapidly pass into the hands of other classes, and against this background the practice of peasant otkhodnichestvo spread. Supporters of bourgeois reforms also appeared among the nobility, since less and less income was coming from the lands, entrepreneurship and service to the sovereign became the main sources of livelihood for the nobility, and estates, on the contrary, required significant material costs.

Political background: the main prerequisite for the reforms of the 60-70s. 50th century was the pre-revolutionary situation that developed in those years in Russia. The political situation in the 1853s. 1855th century was such that the class struggle constantly increased, flaring up against the backdrop of contradictions between the nobility and the peasants. This struggle escalated sharply after the defeat in the Crimean War of XNUMX-XNUMX, when, after the excitement of the Decembrist uprising, the activities of socio-political circles again significantly revived. The feudal order was completely obsolete, it was necessary to take prompt measures to establish certain guarantees for citizens in order to keep at least the absolute monarchy itself in force. Perestroika was demanded by the entire state apparatus, police and judicial authorities, since bribery and lawlessness reigned everywhere, and crime in the country sharply increased.

Against the backdrop of such an unfavorable situation in Russia, an important factor that served as a prerequisite for the reforms of the second half of the XNUMXth century was actually liberal views who ruled those years Aleksandra II.

Ideological background: the most important ideological impetus to the establishment of bourgeois orders throughout the world, including in Russia, was ideas of the French Revolution: freedom, equality, brotherhood, legality.

In Russia, right at that moment, 3 main ideological and political forces:

1) official government;

2) liberal;

3) revolutionary.

All of them simultaneously considered it necessary to carry out bourgeois reforms, although they differed in their opinions about the method of their implementation.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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