41. Administrative-territorial structure of Russia and local self-government of the XVIII century

In 1708-1719. A reform was carried out that completely changed the system of local government. At the end of 1708, Peter the Great issued a decree on the division of Russia into 8 extensive administrative districts, which were called provinces:

1) Moscow (in this province there were 39 cities);

2) Ingrian (or St. Petersburg);

3) Kyiv (this province included 56 cities);

4) Smolensk;

5) Arkhangelsk;

6) Kazan;

7) Azov;

8) Siberian (this province included 30 cities).

В 1713-1714 the number of provinces increased to 11. According to M. A. Isaev, such an administrative-territorial division was aimed at providing financial support to various "branches of the state." As an example, we can take Smolensk, Poltava and Arkhangelsk provinces, which were supposed to finance the Baltic Fleet, the land army and the state bureaucracy, respectively.

At the second stage of the reform, the provinces were divided into 45 provinces, which in turn were subdivided into districts (later this term was replaced by county). The provinces were headed governorsappointed by the king. In their authority included: maintaining the civil administration of the provinces; command of the troops stationed in the territory of the province. In addition, the governors united the judiciary in their hands. Their assistants were vice governors. Engaged in office work provincial office. Under the governors, there were landrat councils.

Landrats were established according to the Livland model: in large provinces, 12 each, in medium ones - 10 each, in smaller ones - 8 each. Under the chief commandants, there were half as many of them. They also constituted a collegiate institution chaired by the governor.

In addition to the governor, composition of the provincial government included:

1) landrichter - provincial judge (since 1719 he was replaced by a court court);

2) chief commissar in charge of finances;

3) chief food officer, who was in charge of grain supplies for the army;

4) manager of palace estates.

At the head of the provinces were placed governorswho also had their assistants. These were the chamberlain (he was in charge of collecting all taxes and taxes, procuring food for the army); rent-meister, or treasurer (was engaged in the reception, storage and release of public funds); chief commandant (governor of a provincial town, head of the local garrison, head of the recruitment office) and waldmeister (harvested ship timber and guarded forests).

At the head of the districts, or counties, were elected from among the nobles - zemstvo commissars, whose assistants were the lower commissars, bridge overseers, etc.

Primary goal of all local government reform was to provide the army with everything necessary.

В 1775 BC was produced provincial reform, which again changed the administrative-territorial division of Russia. At the same time reduction in the number of boards, only three the most important, while the powers of others are transferred to the provinces, the number of which is almost doubled (about 50), provinces are abolishedBut counties remain. Along with the vice-governor, the post of governor-general appeared, to whom from 1 to 3 provinces, along with the military, were subordinate, and he himself was personally subordinate to the empress. A provincial government, state chambers, and an order for public charity were created.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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