14. Political system during the formation of the Russian centralized state

Russia during the formation of a single centralized state was an early feudal monarchy.

Signs of the presence of centralized power at the end of the 15th and beginning of the 16th centuries.:

1) the presence of central authorities throughout the territory of the Russian state;

2) replacement of vassal relations by relations of allegiance;

3) development of national legislation;

4) a single organization of the armed forces subordinate to the supreme authority.

characteristic features of the state system this period:

1) the concept of "king" appeared, which unites under its rule all other princes, all - vassals of the king (this was formed thanks to the experience of the Golden Horde);

2) centralized management of the outskirts by the governors of the monarch;

3) the term "autocracy" appears (i.e., a form of limited monarchy, the power of a single monarch is limited by the power of rulers, local princes; autocracy and absolutism are not identical);

4) settled relations between the Grand Duke and the Boyar Duma are formed, localism is born (i.e., the appointment of persons on the merit of their parents), the Boyar Duma is formal, the relationship between the tsar and the Duma develops according to the principle: the tsar said - the boyars were sentenced.

Monarch in the XV-XVI centuries. - Great Moscow prince.

Although his power had not yet acquired the features of absolute power, it nevertheless expanded significantly. Already Ivan III in all documents calls himself the Grand Duke of Moscow.

The increase in the power of the Grand Duke took place against the background of the restriction of the rights of patrimonials. Thus, the right to collect tribute and taxes passed from the latter to state bodies. Secular and church feudal lords lost the right to judge the most important criminal offenses - murder, robbery and red-handed theft.

The political consolidation of the power of the Moscow prince is connected:

1) with the marriage of Ivan III and the niece of the Byzantine emperor Sophia Paleolog (this increased the importance of the power of the Moscow grand dukes within the state and in Europe; the Moscow grand dukes began to be called "sovereigns of all Russia");

2) with the wedding of Ivan IV in 1547 (the title of tsar appeared).

Boyars in the XV-XVI centuries. - people already close to the Grand Duke.

Boyar Duma - this is the highest body of the state in the XV-XVI centuries.

The Boyar Duma decided matters by majority vote, and later discussed controversial issues until all of its members came to a consensus, but if this was not the case, then the case was resolved by the sovereign.

Initially, the Duma was convened, but under Ivan IV it became a permanent body. The composition of the Boyar Duma included the so-called Duma ranks, that is, the introduced boyars and roundabouts. In the XVI century. took part in council meetings consecrated cathedral.

Powers of the Boyar Duma:

1) the decision, together with the prince, of all the main issues of public administration, courts, legislation, foreign policy;

2) control over the activities of orders and local governments (by decree of the sovereign);

3) the diplomatic activity of the state (negotiations with foreign ambassadors, the dispatch of Russian and foreign ambassadors, the appointment of maintenance for them, the distribution of royal letters to neighboring states);

4) "knowledge of Moscow" (a special authority of this body) is the management of the entire urban economy during the absence of the sovereign.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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