10. Features of the socio-political and legal development of Russia in the period of feudal fragmentation

The feudal fragmentation of Russia took shape by the end of the first third of the XNUMXth century, after the death of the Grand Duke Mstislav Vladimirovich the Great.

Prerequisites for feudal fragmentation in Kievan Rus:

1) Lubeck Congress of Princes, which decided that the specific princes fully control their estates, regardless of the will of the Grand Prince of Kyiv;

2) socio-economic reasons:

a) the dominance of subsistence farming and the expansion of feudal land ownership;

b) the growth of the economic power of local feudal lords;

c) development of political separatism of local feudal lords.

Signs of feudalism in Russia:

1) fragmentation into boyar estates and specific principalities;

2) relations of suzerainty and vassalage: the senior suzerain is the Grand Prince of Kyiv; further - specific princes; vassals of the first level - boyars and monasteries, which owned vast land holdings;

3) concentration in one hands (princely and boyar) property and state-power powers;

4) division of the population into 2 layers: large landowners and dependent peasantry.

Feudal fragmentation in Russia had its own specifics, in particular, the Tatar-Mongol yoke in the XNUMXth-XNUMXth centuries contributed to this.

Feudal fragmentation was two main steps:

1) XII-XIII centuries. (before the Tatar-Mongol invasion);

2) XIII-XV centuries. (period of the yoke of the Golden Horde).

In the XII-XIII centuries. formed in Russia three main political centers:

1) Galicia-Volyn principality influenced the entire Southern and South-Western Russia;

2) the Novgorod feudal republic - to North-Western Russia;

3) Vladimir-Suzdal Principality - to North-Eastern and Western, as well as partially North-Western and Southern Rus'.

In the XII century. formed in Novgorod aristocratic republic. However, the prince was here.

Novgorod Prince Yaroslav the Wise at the beginning of the XNUMXth century. in the struggle for the independence of Novgorod made a significant step forward, refusing to pay tribute to Kyiv.

In Novgorod, the power of the Grand Duke was exercised posadnik, elected from among its citizens, and not appointed by the prince, the Novgorod archbishop was also elected by the Novgorodians.

Novgorod land included the territory of the Great Russian Plain up to the Urals and the Arctic Ocean.

The land of Novgorod was vast, but not suitable for agriculture, which affected its economy. Fishing, salt making, hunting, trade with Western Europe developed here.

In the 13th century. the development of the Vladimir-Suzdal principality was significantly influenced by the yoke of the Mongolotatar, but due to its remoteness from the southern borders, a new politically strong city, Moscow, arose in its center.

The territories of the Vladimir-Suzdal Principality covered the entire territory of the northeastern lands - from the Northern Dvina to the Oka and from the sources of the Volga to the confluence of the Oka into the Volga.

The Vladimir-Suzdal principality was an early feudal monarchy with strong boyars.

Feature of political power in Vladimir: the grand-ducal title moved here from Kyiv, since all the Vladimir-Suzdal princes, descendants of Monomakh - from Yuri Dolgoruky (1125-1157) to Daniil of Moscow (1276-1303) - were Grand Dukes.

Vladimir in 1300 became the center of Orthodoxy, the metropolitan see was transferred here, since Kyiv, the former center of faith, was devastated by the Mongolotatars.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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