Table of contents (expand)
- Subject, tasks and method of the history of the state and law of Russia
- Domestic school of law. Periodization of the national history of state and law
- The emergence of statehood among the Slavs. Formation of the Old Russian state. Theories of the origin of the ancient Russian state
- Sources of law of the ancient Russian state
- The political system of the ancient Russian state. Territorial structure of Kievan Rus. Legal status of the population of Rus'
- The veche and the prince in the ancient Russian state are the highest authorities. System of government authorities
- General characteristics of Russian Truth
- Litigation on Russian Pravda
- Crime and punishment according to Russian Truth
- Features of the socio-political and legal development of Rus' during the period of feudal fragmentation
- The influence of the Mongol-Tatar invasion on the development of the state and legal system of Rus'
- Prerequisites for the formation of a Russian centralized state. Features of the Russian centralized state
- Social system and legal status of the population during the formation of the centralized Russian state. Development of the process of enslavement of peasants
- The political system during the formation of the Russian centralized state
- Palace and patrimonial management system. Feeding system
- General characteristics of the Pskov Judicial Charter, its system, sources
- Real, liability and inheritance law according to the Pskov Judicial Charter
- Criminal law according to the Pskov Judicial Charter
- Sudebnik 1497 General characteristics
- Sudebnik 1550 General characteristics, system and sources
- Litigation of the Russian centralized state
- The system of letters of commendation of the Great Moscow Prince
- Statutory letters, their content, action in time, circle of persons and territory
- Bodies of the court according to the judges of 1497, 1550
- The system of labial institutions
- Stoglav 1551 Family and marriage law
- Economic and political prerequisites for the formation of an estate-representative monarchy in Russia, its characteristic features
- Bodies of class representation, their competence and relationship with autocratic power
- Mandatory management system and local self-government system during the period of the estate-representative monarchy
- Reforms of Ivan the Terrible
- Causes and stages of enslavement of peasants
- General characteristics of the cathedral code of 1649
- Forms of land tenure according to the cathedral code of 1649
- Public and criminal law according to the conciliar code of 1649
- History of codification in Russia
- Prerequisites for the emergence of absolute monarchy in Russia, its features
- Reforms of feudal landownership and estate reforms of Peter the Great
- Letter of commendation to the nobility of 1785 Letter of commendation to the cities of 1785
- The legal status of peasants in Russia during the period of absolute monarchy
- Supreme authorities and administration in the first quarter of the XNUMXth century
- Administrative-territorial structure of Russia and local self-government of the XNUMXth century
- Judicial system and police authorities in the 18th century
- Military reform of Peter I
- Code of punishment for criminal and correctional 1845
- Legal status of Poland within the Russian Empire. Ukrainian autonomy in the XVII-XVIII centuries
- Civil law according to the code of laws of 1833
- Fiscals and prosecutors at the end of the XNUMXth - first half of the XNUMXth centuries
- Prerequisites for the bourgeois reforms of the XNUMXth century
- Peasant reform of 1861
- Zemstvo reform of 1864 City reform of 1870
- Establishment of Judicial Institutions 1864
- The Charter of Criminal Proceedings of 1864
- The procedure for the formation of the State Duma (1905-1907)
- Manifesto on the improvement of state order October 17, 1905 Basic state laws of 1906
- Judicial reform (organs of the court according to judicial statutes)
- Stolypin agrarian reform
- Russia on the eve and during the First World War. The state apparatus in Russia at this stage of time
- February revolution of 1917 Supreme authorities March-October 1917
- Dual power
- The emergence and development of councils. Establishment of local councils in 1917-1918
- Soviet law enforcement agencies (police, military emergency commissions): their competence and formation
- Legislation on the liquidation of the class system and the legal status of Russian citizens in 1917-1918
- Socialist law: its sources and features
- Declaration of the rights of the peoples of Russia
- Constituent Assembly. III Congress of Soviets of Workers', Soldiers' and Peasants' Deputies
- General characteristics of the constitution of the RSFSR of 1918
- The formation of the armed forces of the RSFSR in 1917-1918
- Soviet judicial system 1917-1918
- Legislation of the period of War Communism and the Civil War
- Legislation on marriage and family in 1917-1918
- Labor Code 1918
- Guidelines for Criminal Law 1919
- National-state structure of the USSR in 1920-1940
- General characteristics of the new economic policy
- Judicial Reform 1922
- Decree of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee of May 22, 1922 “On basic private property rights recognized in the RSFSR, protected by its laws and protected by the courts of the RSFSR.” Civil Code of the RSFSR 1922
- Criminal Code of the RSFSR 1922 Basic principles of the criminal legislation of the USSR and union republics 1924 Criminal Code of the RSFSR 1926
- Regulations on state industrial trusts
- Law enforcement agencies during the NEP period
- USSR Constitution 1924
- Credit reform of 1930 Principles of management of agriculture and industry
- Criminal and Criminal Procedure Law in the 1930s
- USSR Constitution 1936
- Features of Soviet law and government during the Great Patriotic War. Family and marriage law according to the decree of the PVS of the USSR of July 8, 1944
- Law on universal conscription of 1939. The Red Army during the Great Patriotic War
- The judicial system and the system of law enforcement agencies according to the "Fundamentals of Legislation of the USSR and Union Republics" 1958
- Civil and Criminal Codes of the RSFSR 1964
- USSR Constitution 1977
- The period of formation of the statehood of the Russian Federation (1986-1993)
- The Constitution of the Russian Federation of 1993 Development of Russia at the present stage
37. Reforms of feudal landownership and estate reforms of Peter the Great
Prior to the reign of Peter I in Russia, there were no clear legal distinctions between the various estates. Most of all, the upper classes were reformed by Peter I.
В 1714 BC Petrovsky decree "On single inheritance" was introduced primogeniture. According to this decree, all landlord (and patrimonial) land could be inherited only by the eldest son, and in his absence - to one of the daughters. By issuing this decree, the government received the necessary personnel, since the younger sons of the deceased nobleman, losing their inheritance, had to earn a living in the public service. Moreover, only one of the three brothers could go to serve in the civilian sector.
During this period, there is an increase in the personal dependence of peasants on the nobility, which is especially associated with the publication by Peter I of the decree "On the prohibition of the sale of peasants without land." Since that time, the division into peasants and serfs has disappeared, which was in no way contributed to reform of Peter I on the poll tax, which also did not distinguish between them.
The following groups stood out in the peasantry: possessive peasants (peasants belonging to factories and factories); state (former black-haired) peasants; palace (carried corvée or quitrent in kind and were controlled by representatives of the palace authorities); church (were under the jurisdiction of a specially established College of Economy); privately owned.
Changing the status of the clergy (as well as the Russian Orthodox Church as a whole), Orthodox priests actually became state officials, and the Russian Orthodox Church became one of the state institutions.
The urban population was divided into 3 guilds:
1) first guild - wealthy privileged urban residents (bankers, jewelers, ship owners, wealthy merchants with a capital of 10 thousand to 50 thousand rubles);
2) second guild - smaller merchants and artisans (with capital from 5 to 10 rubles);
3) third guild - the rest of the urban population.
Under Peter I, the Boyar Duma stopped meeting, but the need for an advisory body did not disappear, therefore, it was initially replaced by a council of ministers, and later, in 1711 BC, - Senate, which was created by Peter at the time of his departure on a campaign as an organ that replaced him during his absence, but remained active after that. The Senate was a body with advisory, executive and judicial powers, and gradually even received some opportunities to make decisions that are in the nature of the law and are binding (but they could very easily be canceled by the king).
In the time of Peter the Great, a lengthy process of legally equalizing estates and estates was completed.
Decree of March 23, 1714 "On the order of inheritance in movable and immovable property" expanded the land rights of the nobles, established a single legal regime for estates and estates. Estates and estates began to be called real estate. In order to strengthen the economic position of the nobility, it was forbidden to mortgage real estate and, as a rule, sell it. It could be sold as an exception "for need" and with the payment of a high fee. In order to avoid fragmentation of land holdings, real estate was inherited only by one son. The right of redemption of real estate was recognized for the heirs within 40 years.
Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.
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