30. Reforms of Ivan the Terrible

Period of reign Ivan IV associated with his reforms in the system of state and local government.

In 1547 Ivan the Terrible was crowned king. Since then, Russia has officially become monarchy. The king was the supreme ruler. The crowning of the kingdom was only a formality to the already significantly increased power of the sovereign.

At the same time, the power of the king is still limited Boyar Duma.

Ivan IV introduced a special system of terror - oprichnina.

A new supreme authority appeared (1549) - Zemsky Cathedral. These were representative bodies, which included:

1) upper house: tsar, Boyar Duma, clergy;

2) Lower Chamber: representatives from the nobility and the upper classes of the townspeople.

Zemsky Sobors did not work constantly, they were convened by decree of the tsar. The duration of their work depended on the substance of the issues under discussion.

The initiative to convene the Zemsky Sobor could belong to both the tsar himself and the estates. The competence of zemstvo issues was not clearly established. Significant are the cathedrals at which the tsar was chosen (16-year-old Mikhail Romanov).

Significant reform subjected to the whole state machine. Was formed voivodship-management system.

Orders were formed from pre-existing palace departments (stables). The competence of these orders was similar to the departments.

local order was engaged in the estates of service nobles, it was with the introduction of this body that the formation of a new system of land tenure (estates) was connected, their legal status was more and more equated with estates.

A special group was territorial orders (Kazan, Siberian), the introduction of which is associated with another merit of Ivan IV - the annexation of Kazan and Siberia. A special place in the system of orders was occupied military administrative orders.

An important place among the reforms of Ivan IV is army reorganization. Now the main troops were noble cavalry and archers (troops using firearms). To control the archers, a special Streltsy order. Military formations (personnel of the boyar and noble cavalry) were also in charge Discharge order. Cossack troops were controlled Cossack order.

During the reign of Ivan the Terrible, the system of filling positions in government bodies on the principle of locality, that is, on nobleness, nobility, was still preserved.

Reform state authorities of Ivan the Terrible affected and court and investigation system. A central police force was formed - Rogue order. His competence included the development of recommendations for local authorities on combating crime.

Ivan IV also changed the system of local government (Little Pinezhskaya zemstvo charter). Zemstvo and labial huts were introduced, dealing with: the first - with the management of the county, the latter - with questions of the court and investigation, with the exception of especially serious crimes (robbery).

Zemstvo and provincial institutions were elected. Their members were elected from among the population living in the county (by class), and not, as was previously the case, were appointed from the center. The system of local self-government began to emerge.

The central government remained in the localities. In the cities there were governors who were supposed to ensure the financial control of the state on the ground.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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