История государства и права России. Общественный строй и правовое положение населения в период образования централизованного русского государства. Развитие процесса закрепощения крестьян (самое важное)

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История государства и права России. Общественный строй и правовое положение населения в период образования централизованного русского государства. Развитие процесса закрепощения крестьян (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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13. Social system and legal status of the population during the formation of the centralized Russian state. Development of the process of enslavement of peasants

During the formation of the centralized Russian state, there were quite significant changes in social relations. This was especially true of feudal ownership of land and the legal status of the main groupings of the ruling class of feudal lords.

The social structure of a state is made up of the position of its population. Russia in XV-XVI centuries. was a feudal state.

stood out:

1) service people in the homeland:

a) duma ranks (boyars, roundabouts, duma nobles);

b) Moscow service ranks (stewards, solicitors, Moscow nobles, residents);

c) city service ranks (choice, children of the boyar yards, children of the boyars of the city);

2) served people on the device - military;

3) taxable urban:

a) Moscow posad ranks (guests, living room hundred, cloth hundred, black settlements and Moscow hundreds);

b) township ranks (the best people, average people, young people);

4) taxable county - black and palace peasants (peasants, bobyls, backbones or serfs).

Boyars - These are the servants of the sovereign. The rank of a boyar could only be obtained for service. For misconduct, the tsar could take the boyar rank back.

formed localism - the privileged position of those who came to the service earlier.

By their position, the boyars are the second persons in the state. The court of the Grand Duke was repaired by the boyars.

The highest boyar positions:

1) a groom (in the event of the death of the king, he himself could become one);

2) butler (i.e., the main manager of all palace property);

3) a gunsmith (he was in charge of the military economy of the kingdom).

The service of the nobility and the children of the boyars took place in proportion to the layout.

Layout - this is the provision of a local and monetary salary for public service and for its term.

Taxed population - this is all the legally free population of the Muscovite kingdom.

Ranks of the taxed population:

1) urban (township, planted);

2) rural.

Traction service classes:

1) higher: military and administrative;

2) lower: financial, serfs.

All peasants were attached to the land. Their relations with the state were regulated by "regular records", according to which the peasant became vytny (from vyt - "taxable plot of land"). Peasants united in communities. Vytny paid dues to the community.

Vytnye - free peasants, they could take other landless (zagrebetniks) as laborers, who later, in case of debt to the owner, gradually turned into serfs, legally dependent.

Half-witches - Bobyls or Cossacks, they carried half the tax.

Their transition from one community to another was carried out in the following order:

1) the transition is possible only on St. George's Day (in this case, the elderly was paid);

2) passed with the consent of another community;

3) upon exit, you must pay the payback.

The legal status of the black draft population was the same as that of the servicemen. They could buy land for estates and estates.

The dependence of the peasants began to take shape not only from unpaid debtors, but also from the institution of servility.

stood out bondage - These are people who have entered into an agreement to sell themselves into slaves for an indefinite period. The sale could concern this person personally or him and his family members. Kholops were personally and economically dependent on the owner.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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