28. Bodies of estate representation, their competence and correlation with autocratic power

The main honors of the period of estate-representative monarchy is the presence in the system of authorities of the highest class-representative body - Zemsky Cathedral. It is with this moment that the beginning of the period of the estate-representative monarchy of the Russian state is associated (the convening of the first Russian cathedral in 1549, which included members of the Boyar Duma, the Consecrated Cathedral and elected from the nobility and towns).

In the 17th century. estate-representative monarchy has already acquired the character autocratic power.

supreme authority - tsar. His power was characterized by particular cruelty, terror against all segments of the population.

Boyar Duma was still considered the second highest authority, but its activities were very limited. This body gradually turned from a body that limited the activities of the king into an advisory body under the king. The quantitative composition of the Boyar Duma constantly increased.

Zemsky Cathedral - This is the main class-representative body. The Zemsky Sobor worked only during its convocation. His activities most widely developed during the period of the estate-representative monarchy (XVI-XVII centuries). The competence of the Zemsky Sobor was never clearly fixed and constantly changed, for example, the Zemsky Sobor elected the tsar after the end of the period of the Seven Boyars.

The main features of the Zemsky Cathedral:

1) this body included representatives from various classes, with the exception of residents of the "black lands": the boyars, the clergy, the nobles, the urban population (merchants and wealthy artisans);

2) there were no regulations for the work of zemstvo councils, the number of those present at the council was not established, it depended on the decree of the tsar, which was written before each new convocation;

3) participation in zemstvo sobors was not an honorable duty, it entailed material losses rather than benefits, so their participants were burdened by such a duty.

Powers of the Zemsky Sobor:

1) foreign policy (issues of war and peace);

2) proposals for the establishment of taxes;

3) the election of the king (after the 80s of the XNUMXth century);

4) discussion and adoption of laws.

The relationship between the tsar and the Zemsky Sobor was different in different periods. For example, in 1566, Ivan IV the Terrible executed many of the participants in the Zemsky Sobor who opposed the oprichnina, and in the XNUMXth century the role of cathedrals has increased significantly, since during the period of unrest this body maintained the unity of the state.

The withering away of class-representative bodies (Zemsky Sobors) served as a prerequisite for the formation in Russia absolutism. The last time Zemsky Sobors were convened in full force was in 1651 and 1653. After that, they gradually turn into advisory bodies of kings with representatives of the estates. For example, Alexey Mikhailovich и Fedor Alekseevich even during their reign, they held meetings several times with representatives of the townspeople and service people (the consequences of the former zemstvo councils). The competence of such meetings included the decision of questions of the corresponding class.

Since the period of a class-representative monarchy is unthinkable without the highest class-representative body (Zemsky Sobor), the end of this historical period is considered to be the reign of Alexei Mikhailovich, from which he ceases to assemble the Zemsky Sobor (1653 BC - the date of the last Zemsky Sobor).

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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