27. Economic and political prerequisites for the formation of a class-representative monarchy in Russia, its characteristic features

Estates-representative monarchy - a form of state government in which the monarch (king) governs the state together with elected class-representative bodies.

Associate Professor S. M. Kazantsev believes that the estate-representative monarchy in Russia does not imply a rejection of absolutism, from an unlimited monarchical form of government.

During the period of the estate-representative monarchy in Russia, the monarch is the tsar, and the estate-representative bodies - zemsky cathedrals.

Prerequisites for class representation in Russia.

1. Economic background: to the XVI century. The economic situation in Russia has changed significantly:

1) manufactories appeared;

2) expanding trade relations with the West.

However, the economic rise of the state took place against the backdrop of expansion of the bureaucracy, which means an increase in public spending on its maintenance, there is a need to find new sources of funding for government institutions and military formations.

The tsar finds a way out in the representation of merchants in zemstvo cathedrals, thereby ensuring himself constant financial support from the merchant class and large merchants, and the receipt of the necessary funds in organizing the militia.

2. Political background:

1) foreign policy - zemstvo sobors as the new supreme body of the state, which included representatives of the boyars, the nobility, as well as the urban population, but only the propertied parts of it appeared due to the increased need to maintain major foreign policy events (waging war, trade relations with foreign states, etc.) . Through representative bodies, the tsar could pursue his own policy, regardless of the opinion of the Boyar Duma;

2) domestic - the uprising of the townspeople in Moscow in 1549 served as the first impetus for the convening of the Zemsky Sobor of Reconciliation. The tsar and his entourage thereby counted on calming down the protesters, as if involving not only the boyar and noble circles of the population, but also representatives of other estates, in governing the state. Zemsky Sobors included the tsar, the Boyar Duma, the clergy (Consecrated Cathedral), as well as representatives from the nobility, the upper classes of the townspeople (merchants).

Features of the estate-representative monarchy in Russia:

1) the short duration of this period, while in Western Europe the estate-representative monarchy existed for a longer time;

2) in Russia, the estate-representative monarchy mainly meant the transition from the early feudal monarchy to an absolute, and not an independent form of government;

3) in Russia there was no special legislation regulating the activities of zemstvo sobors and its relations with the tsar;

4) local governments during the period of the estate-representative monarchy were formed on the basis of election and representation from the local population;

5) in Russia, along with the system of class representation, there was a pronounced despotism of Ivan IV.

An important factor distinguishing the estate representation in Russia is also oprichnina as a special period of government Ivan the Terrible, during which terror against all segments of the population was the most severe. During the period of the oprichnina, all institutions or bodies that were somehow not pleasing to the tsar were dissolved or completely destroyed.

Authors: Dudkina L.V., Shcherbakova O.V.

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