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BIOGRAPHIES OF GREAT SCIENTISTS
Om Georg Simon. Biography of a scientist
Directory / Biographies of great scientists
Professor of physics at the University of Munich E. Lommel spoke well about the significance of Ohm's research at the opening of the monument to the scientist in 1895: "Ohm's discovery was a bright torch that illuminated the area of electricity that had been shrouded in darkness before him. Ohm indicated the only correct path through the impenetrable forest of incomprehensible facts "The remarkable advances in the development of electrical engineering, which we have watched with astonishment in recent decades, could only be achieved on the basis of Ohm's discovery. Only he is able to dominate the forces of nature and control them who will be able to unravel the laws of nature. Ohm wrested from nature for so long secret hidden by it and handed it over to the hands of his contemporaries. Georg Simon Ohm was born on March 16, 1787 in Erlangen, in the family of a hereditary locksmith. Ohm's father, Johann Wolfgang, continued the craft of his ancestors. George's mother, Mary Elizabeth, died in childbirth when the boy was ten years old. Of the seven Om children, only three survived. George was the eldest. After burying his wife, Om's father devoted all his free time to raising children. The role of the father in the upbringing and education of children was enormous, and, perhaps, all that his sons achieved in life, they owe to their father. This was later recognized by both Georg, the future professor of physics, and Martin, who had become a professor of mathematics even earlier. The great merit of the father is that he managed to accustom his children to independent work with a book. Although books were expensive in those days, acquiring them was a frequent joy of the Ohm family. Hardly making ends meet in the family budget, Johann never spared money for books. After leaving school, Georg, like most of his peers, entered the city gymnasium. The Erlangen Gymnasium was supervised by the university and was an educational institution corresponding to that time. Classes at the gymnasium were taught by four professors recommended by the university administration. But the father of the future scientist was by no means satisfied with the amount of knowledge and their level that the graduates of the gymnasium possessed. The father did not overestimate his abilities: he knew that he alone could not give a good education to children, and decided to seek help from the teachers of the University of Erlangen. Professors Klüber, Langsdorf, future examiner of Georg, and Rote readily responded to the request of the self-taught. Georg, having successfully graduated from the gymnasium, in the spring of 1805 began to study mathematics, physics and philosophy at the Faculty of Philosophy of the University of Erlangen. The solid training he received and his outstanding abilities favored the fact that the education at the university went easily and smoothly. At the university, Om became seriously interested in sports and gave him all his free time. He was the best billiard player among the students of the university; among skaters he had no equal. At student parties, no one could compete with a dashing dancer like Om. However, all these hobbies required a lot of time, which was less and less left for studying university disciplines. George's excessive hobbies caused alarm in his father, who was finding it increasingly difficult to support his family. A very large conversation took place between father and son, which spoiled their relationship for a long time. Of course, Georg understood the justice of his father's anger and some harshness of reproaches, and after studying for three semesters, to the general satisfaction of both parties, he accepted an invitation to take a position as a mathematics teacher in a private school in the Swiss town of Gottstadt. In September 1806, he arrived in Gottstadt, where he began his independent life away from his family, from his homeland. In 1809, Georg was asked to vacate his position and accept an invitation to teach mathematics in the city of Neustadt. There was no other choice, and by Christmas he moved to a new place. But the dream of graduating from university does not leave Omagh. He goes through all the possible options that contribute to the realization of his desires, and shares his thoughts with Langsdorf, who at that time worked at the University of Göttingen. Om listens to the professor's advice and devotes himself completely to studying the works recommended by him. In 1811 he returned to Erlangen. Langsdorf's advice was not in vain: Om's independent studies were so fruitful that he was able to graduate from the university the same year, successfully defend his dissertation and receive a Ph.D. Immediately after graduating from the university, he was offered the position of Privatdozent of the Department of Mathematics of the same university. Teaching work was quite consistent with the desires and abilities of Ohm. But, having worked for only three semesters, for material reasons that had haunted him almost all his life, he was forced to look for a better paid position. By royal decision of December 16, 1812, Ohm was appointed teacher of mathematics and physics at the school in Bamberg. The new location was not as successful as Om expected. A small salary, moreover paid irregularly, did not correspond to the volume of duties assigned to him. In February 1816 the real school in Bamberg was closed. A math teacher was offered to teach overcrowded classrooms at a local preparatory school for the same fee. This work was even more painful for Ohm. He is completely dissatisfied with the existing system of education. In the spring of 1817, he publishes his first printed work on teaching methods. The work was called "The best option for teaching geometry in preparatory classes." But only five years later, the same ministry, whose employees believed that the appearance of Ohm's work "marked the death of the entire mathematical doctrine," was forced to urgently issue a cash prize to the author, thereby recognizing the significance of his work. Having lost all hope of finding a suitable teaching job, the desperate Ph.D. unexpectedly receives an offer to take the place of a teacher of mathematics and physics in the Jesuit College of Cologne. He immediately leaves for the place of future work. Here, in Cologne, he worked for nine years; here he "transformed" from a mathematician into a physicist. The presence of free time contributed to the formation of Ohm as a research physicist. He enthusiastically gives himself to a new job, spending long hours in the workshop of the board and in the instrument store. Ohm took up the study of electricity. A leap was required from contemplative research and the accumulation of experimental material to the establishment of a law describing the process of the flow of electric current through a conductor. Ohm based his electrical measuring instrument on the design of Coulomb's torsion balance. The scientist conducts a series of experiments. Om presented the results of his research in the form of an article entitled "Preliminary report on the law according to which metals conduct contact electricity." The article was published in 1825 in the Journal of Physics and Chemistry, published by Schweigger. This was Ohm's first publication devoted to the study of electrical circuits. However, the expression found and published by Ohm turned out to be incorrect, which later became one of the reasons for his long non-recognition. However, the researcher himself did not claim to be the final solution of the problem he had set and even emphasized this in the title of the published article. The search had to continue. Om felt it too. The main source of errors was the galvanic battery. The investigated wires also introduced distortions, because the purity of the material from which they were made raised doubts. In principle, the scheme of the new installation did not differ much from that used in the first experiments. But Ohm used a thermoelement, which is a copper-bismuth pair, as a current source. Having taken all precautions, having eliminated in advance all the alleged sources of error, Ohm proceeded to new measurements. His famous article "The definition of the law according to which metals conduct contact electricity, together with a sketch of the theory of the voltaic apparatus and the Schweigger multiplier", published in 1826 in the Journal of Physics and Chemistry, appears. The article containing the results of experimental research in the field of electrical phenomena, and this time did not impress the scientists. None of them could even imagine that the law of electrical circuits established by Ohm is the basis for all electrical calculations of the future. The experimenter was discouraged by the reception of colleagues. The expression found by Ohm was so simple that it was precisely its simplicity that aroused distrust. In addition, Ohm's scientific authority was undermined by the first publication, and opponents had every reason to doubt the validity of the expression he found. This Berlin year was the most fruitful in the scientific searches of the persistent researcher. Exactly one year later, in May 1827, Riemann's publishing house published an extensive monograph "Theoretical Investigations of Electrical Circuits" with a volume of 245 pages, which contained Ohm's now theoretical reasoning on electrical circuits. In this work, the scientist proposed to characterize the electrical properties of a conductor by its resistance and introduced this term into scientific use. It also contains many other original thoughts, and some of them served as a starting point for the reasoning of other scientists. Investigating the electrical circuit, Ohm found a simpler formula for the law of the electrical circuit, or rather, for a section of the circuit that does not contain EMF: "The magnitude of the current in the galvanic circuit is directly proportional to the sum of all voltages and inversely proportional to the sum of the reduced lengths. In this case, the total reduced length is defined as the sum all individual reduced lengths for homogeneous sections having different conductivity and different cross-sections". It is easy to see that in this passage Ohm offers a rule for adding the resistances of series-connected conductors. Ohm's theoretical work shared the fate of the work containing his experimental studies. The scientific world was still waiting. After the publication of the monograph, Om, deciding on the place of his future work, did not leave scientific research. Already in 1829, his article "Experimental study of the operation of an electromagnetic multiplier" appeared in the Journal of Physics and Chemistry, in which the foundations of the theory of electrical measuring instruments were laid. Here Ohm was the first of the scientists to propose a unit of resistance, for which he chose the resistance of a copper wire 1 foot long and with a cross section of 1 square line. In 1830, Ohm's new study appeared "An Attempt to Create an Approximate Theory of Unipolar Conductivity". This work aroused the interest of many scientists. Faraday spoke favorably of her. However, instead of continuing scientific research, Om is forced to spend time and energy on scientific and pseudo-scientific polemics. It is difficult to be calm: his appointment to a good position and material well-being depend on the recognition of the discovery. His despair at this time can be felt by reading a letter sent to Schweigger: "The birth of" Electric Circuits "brought me unspeakable suffering, and I am ready to curse the hour of their birth. Not only petty court people who cannot understand the feelings of the mother and hear the cry for help her defenseless child, utter hypocritical sighs of sympathy and put in their place the deceitful beggar, but even those who are in the same position as me gloat and spread malicious rumors, driving me to despair.But the time of testing will pass or, most likely, has already passed "Noble people took care of my offspring. He got on his feet and will continue to stand on them firmly. This is an intelligent child who was born not by a stunted sick mother, but by a healthy, eternally young nature, in the heart of which are stored feelings that will eventually develop into admiration ". Only in 1841 was Ohm's work translated into English, in 1847 into Italian, and in 1860 into French. Finally, on February 16, 1833, seven years after the publication of the article in which his discovery was published, Ohm was offered a position as a professor of physics at the newly organized Nuremberg Polytechnic School. Six months later, he also became the head of the Department of Mathematics and served as an inspector for teaching methods. In 1839, Ohm was appointed rector of the school, in addition to all his duties. But, despite the heavy workload, Om does not leave scientific work. The scientist begins research in the field of acoustics. Ohm formulated the results of his acoustic research in the form of a law that later became known as Ohm's acoustic law. The scientist concluded that any sound signal is a combination of the main harmonic oscillation and several additional harmonics. Unfortunately, this Ohm's law shared the fate of his law for electrical circuits. Only in 1862, after Ohm's compatriot Helmholtz confirmed Ohm's results with more subtle experiments using resonators, were the merits of the Nuremberg professor recognized. The continuation of scientific research was complicated by a large pedagogical and administrative workload. On May 6, 1842, Ohm wrote a petition to the King of Bavaria to reduce the load. To the surprise and delight of the scientist, his request was quickly granted. The recognition of his work was nevertheless approaching, and those who were at the head of the Ministry of Religions could not have been unaware of this. Before all of the foreign scientists, Ohm's law was recognized by the Russian physicists Lenz and Jacobi. They also helped its international recognition. With the participation of Russian physicists, on May 5, 1842, the Royal Society of London awarded Ohm a gold medal and elected him a member. Ohm was only the second German scientist to be so honored. His American colleague J. Henry spoke very emotionally about the merits of the German scientist. "When I first read Ohm's theory," he wrote, "it seemed to me like lightning, suddenly illuminating a room plunged into darkness." As often happens, the homeland of the scientist was the last of the countries to recognize his merits. In 1845 he was elected a full member of the Bavarian Academy of Sciences. In 1849, the scientist was invited to the University of Munich for the post of extraordinary professor. In the same year, by decree of the King of Bavaria, Maximilian II, he was appointed curator of the state collection of physical and mathematical instruments with simultaneous lectures on physics and mathematics. In addition, at the same time, he was appointed referent for the telegraph department at the physico-technical department of the Ministry of State Trade. But, despite all the instructions, Om did not stop his studies in science even during these years. He conceives a fundamental textbook of physics, but the scientist did not have time to complete this work. Of all his plans, he published only the first volume, Contribution to Molecular Physics. In 1852, Om finally received the position of ordinary professor, which he had dreamed of all his life. In 1853, he was one of the first to be awarded the newly established Order of Maximilian "For outstanding achievements in the field of science." But recognition came too late. The forces were already running out. All his life was devoted to science and the approval of his discoveries. Spiritual closeness connected Om with relatives, friends, and students. Among his students there are scientists who have received wide recognition: the mathematician Dirichlet, the astronomer and mathematician E. Geis, and others. Many of Ohm's pupils followed in the footsteps of their teacher, devoting themselves to teaching. He had the warmest relationship with his brother. Martin remained throughout his life for him the first adviser in personal matters and the first scientific critic of his research. Until his death, Om helped his father, remembering the need in which he lived, and constantly expressed gratitude to him for the character traits that he brought up in him. Om never created his own family: he could not share his affections and devoted his whole life to science. Ohm died on July 6, 1854 at half past ten in the morning. He was buried in the old southern cemetery of the city of Munich. Ohm's research brought to life new ideas, the development of which brought forward the doctrine of electricity. In 1881, at an electrical congress in Paris, scientists unanimously approved the name of the unit of resistance - 1 ohm. This fact is a tribute to colleagues, international recognition of the scientist's merits. Author: Samin D.K.
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