Latitude and longitude. Travel Tips

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Latitude and longitude. Travel Tips

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Latitude

When mentally crossing the globe with planes parallel to the equator, circles are obtained - parallels.

The distance from the equator to each of the poles is 90°. The hemisphere, facing its pole towards the North Star, located in the constellation Ursa Minor, is called the northern, opposite to the southern.

The distance measured in degrees from the equator to the North Pole is called north latitude and has a plus sign, and from the equator to the South Pole is called south latitude and has a minus sign.

Geographic latitude is measured at an angle between the equatorial plane and a plumb line at a given place on the Earth, i.e., equal to the height of the Pole of the World * above the horizon of the observation site.

Longitude

The globe can be mentally crossed by planes perpendicular to the equator and passing through the earth's axis, which are called meridian planes. The lines formed by their intersection with the surface of the globe are called meridians.

From the zero, conventionally accepted meridian, passing through the Greenwich Observatory, located on the outskirts of London, the degree distance to the east is determined.

The diameter of the Earth between the poles from north to south (the length of the earth's axis) is 12 km. Geographic longitude is measured by the arc of the equator or parallel between the prime meridian of Greenwich and the meridian drawn through the point of observation.

The distance measured in degrees from the Greenwich meridian to the east along the parallel drawn through a given point on the Earth's surface to the geographic meridian passing through the same point is called the eastern longitude of the given point. West longitude from the Greenwich meridian is measured west.

Longitude is measured in degrees or in the time it takes the Earth to rotate around its axis by an angle that corresponds to the arc measuring longitude, i.e., longitude is the dihedral angle between the planes of the meridians - the initial and local.

Since the Earth makes a full rotation of 360 ° in 24 hours, then each 15 ° longitude corresponds to 1 hour of time. From the ratio of angular measures and time, it is useful to remember that 1 arc degree = 4 minutes of time; 1 arc minute = 4 sec time; 1 arc second = 1/15 sec time; 1 min time = 15 arc minutes; 1 second of time = 15 arc seconds.

For example, longitude of Moscow (east) 37°37', or 2 hours 30 minutes longitude of Mossoro in Brazil (west) 37°18', or 2 hours 29 minutes.

To determine longitude, it is necessary, having a clock set in time to a place with a known longitude, to find out their indication at local noon. The difference in time between the two points, translated into degrees, will give the longitude of the place of observation.

Example. In order to determine longitude, place one stick (stick) at the point of your standing, and the other in the direction of the North Star. The line connecting the marked places will correspond to the true meridian.

Set your clock to Greenwich (zero) time (translate the hands of the clock so that they show the time 2 hours less than Moscow).

Shortly before noon, on a sunny day, go to the established landmarks and wait for the moment (exactly noon) when the shadow from one landmark will be directed exactly to the second. This will correspond to 13:XNUMX local time.

Let the clock, set along the meridian of 77 ° west longitude, show 5 hours at local noon. The sun passes 1 ° in 4 minutes, and 15 ° - in 1 hour. Determine the number of degrees traveled by the sun in 5 hours 15x5 \u75d 2 °. Therefore, the observation site is located at 77°W (75°-XNUMX°) longitude.

Sometimes you have to use old maps, on which the longitude is calculated not from the Greenwich meridian, but from the former initial meridians: Ferro *, Paris, Pulkovo. In this case, using the table of differences in the longitudes of the initial meridians, you can translate them into Greenwich, which is currently accepted. For example, the longitude of a point on a three-verst map is 6°10' West longitude, counting from the Pulkovo meridian. Using the table of longitude differences, it is easy to determine that the above point is 24°09'39" (30°19'39" - 6°10') from Greenwich.

* The Pole of the World is a fixed point in the sky around which all the stars seem to revolve, maintaining their relative position.

Determination of the latitude of a place by the North Star

The North Star has an angular distance from the Pole of the World of 1°, and the latitude from it can be roughly determined with an accuracy of ±1°.

Attaching a thread with a load (plumb line) to the center of the protractor, point its base at the North Star. Using a plumb line, take the reading of degrees on the protractor scale and subtract the indicated angle value from 90. The result (in the example 90 ° -30 ° \u60d 1 °) will be the latitude of your observation site, since the North Star is located on the continuation of the Earth's axis of rotation at a very large distance from her. Therefore, the sighting beam is practically parallel to the earth's axis south - north, and the angle Ф0 is equal to the angle ФXNUMX, i.e., the latitude of point A.

The northernmost point of Asia is Cape Chelyuskin. Its coordinates are 77°44' north latitude and 104°18' east longitude.

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