General information about the atmosphere. Travel Tips

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General information about the atmosphere. Travel Tips

Tourist tips

The success of all outdoor activities depends to a large extent on weather. Therefore, whether you are going to take a short trip or plan to pick mushrooms, in any case you need to be able to predict the weather. Of course, satellite weather maps are not always available, and without knowledge of special methods for processing them, they are of little use. But people lived well without them for thousands of years, and in everyday life you can get good at predicting the weather.

In order to approach predictions more meaningfully, familiarize yourself with the basic concepts of modern meteorology.

weather is the physical state of the atmosphere in a given place at a given time or in a limited period of time (day, month, year).

To the main meteorological elements of the atmosphere, which determines its physical condition, i.e. weather, include: atmospheric pressure, temperature and humidity, cloudiness, precipitation, visibility and wind, additionally waves at sea, sea currents (including tidal), temperature, salinity, water density.

First of all, the weather depends on what kind of air is currently located above the observation area. Below are the characteristics of air masses, depending on the place of formation.

Geographic classification of air masses

Arctic (Antarctic) air is formed at high latitudes, beyond the northern and southern polar circles. This is a low-dust, very stable transparent air mass, with low temperatures and high relative humidity, creating fogs and haze. Can be maritime or continental
Continental - forms within the borders of Europe and over the Central Arctic, brings clear and frosty weather in winter, and sharp cooling in summer.
Polar or temperate air - formed in temperate latitudes. Its stability depends on the source of formation and the direction of movement; depending on the place of formation, it can also be either marine or continental.
Sea air - formation area - the northern part of the Atlantic Ocean, between Greenland, Spitsbergen and the Kola Peninsula. Heavily moistened over the ocean, sea air brings cold and cloudy weather with snow to Europe in winter, and colder temperatures with downpours in summer.
Tropical air is formed in the subtropics, in the so-called. zone of subtropical anticyclones, it warms up strongly in the centers of formation. Marine tropical air is characterized by high absolute humidity and instability, while continental air is characterized by high instability and heat.
Equatorial air is born in the equatorial zone and is characterized by pronounced properties of tropical air.

Of course, the listed air masses do not themselves move above the surface of the earth. In order for them to move, a pressure difference is needed at different points on the Earth's surface.

Atmospheric pressure - this is the weight of the air column from the upper boundary of the atmosphere to the earth's (water) surface, and is one of the main parameters that you should pay first attention to when forecasting the weather.

The weight of the air column depends on the density of the air above the measurement point. The density of the air, in turn, constantly changes from fluctuations in temperature and humidity and from the pressure of the upper layers of the atmosphere on the lower ones.

Normal atmospheric pressure is considered to be the mass of a mercury column with a height of 760 mm over an area of 1 cm2, located at the level of the World Ocean (measuring blood), at a temperature of 0 ° C and at a latitude of 45 °.

Atmosphere pressure measured by aneroid barometers, which are available in every apartment. It’s okay, you can make a good barometer from a simple spruce knot. To do this, you need to saw off part of the trunk of a young Christmas tree along with a branch, clear the entire branch of bark and attach it to something stationary, so that the trunk stands as it grew - vertically. In this case, the branch should remain free. It is advisable that the branch be a little more than a quarter meter long. Note the location of the sharp end of the branch; before the rain it will fall, but in clear weather it will rise.

If the barometer arrows fall
Requires attention and vigilance in the sea,
Then the navigator will only calmly fall asleep,
When he is high and goes up.

The main reason for changes in pressure over different areas of the Earth is the uneven heating of air over the surface of the earth and water, various landscape zones of the earth's surface. This effect is superimposed on the rotation of the Earth, the heat capacity and reflectivity of the earth and water, etc. As a result, large atmospheric eddies are formed that affect the weather on a continental scale, the so-called. cyclones and anticyclones are areas of low and high pressure.

Cyclones (baric minimum) - represent one of the forms of atmospheric circulation, characterized by a decrease in atmospheric pressure in the center. In cyclones of the northern hemisphere, these vortices move in a spiral counterclockwise, in the southern hemisphere - clockwise, but are always directed towards the center of the cyclone. The wind speed is always high. In cyclones of temperate latitudes it reaches 20-30 m/s, i.e. storm and hurricane force, and in tropical cyclones often reaches 60-70 m/s.

The weather in cyclones, especially on the line of a warm front, is always cloudy, cloudy and cool, rainy in summer, and snowy with thaws in winter. In the warm sector of the young cyclone there is no cloudiness or precipitation, but it may be cloudy over the sea.

Anticyclone (baric maximum) - an area also limited by concentrically closed isobars, but differing from a cyclone in that in the center of the anticyclone there is high atmospheric pressure, which decreases towards its periphery.

Weather in an anticyclone is caused by the subsidence of air masses, their adiabatic compression and, as a consequence, an increase in air temperature. Therefore, in summer the weather inside the anticyclone is warm, characterized by calms and weak winds, little cloudiness and cloudlessness, with a sharp daily variation of meteorological elements. In winter the weather is clear and frosty.

Open isobars add up to three baric systems:

Hollow - an area of low pressure, extending from the cyclone;
Ridge - a high-pressure area extending from an anticyclone;
A saddle is a pressure system located crosswise between two neighboring cyclones and two anticyclones.

atmospheric fronts

A warm front occurs when a warm air mass moves over a cold one. Warm masses, rising obliquely upward, cool adiabatically, which leads to the appearance of a wide veil of stratus clouds with a zone of blanket precipitation ahead of the front. The pressure ahead of the front drops. The precursors of a warm front are cirrus clouds in the form of “claws”. Then comes a wide band of continuous rain or snow with reduced visibility. So-called prefrontal fogs are often observed ahead of a warm front.

The advance of the warm front

A cold front of the second kind moves quickly and occurs when cold masses are energetically “wedged” under warm ones, which are squeezed upward. As a result of adiabatic cooling, cumulonimbus clouds form in them, accompanied by showers and thunderstorms. A cold front with showery clouds advances like a wall. Cirrocumulus clouds are moving quickly ahead as harbingers of a front; Below, in the middle tier, altocumuliformes, “sharpened” by the wind, advance.

The onset of a cold front

The pressure immediately ahead of the front drops strongly and unevenly, and a zone of showers, thunderstorms, and squalls passes over you. At this moment there is strong excitement at sea.

A cold front of the first type moves more slowly compared to a cold front of the second type.

The wedge of cold air cuts the warm masses, forcing them to rise, which leads to the formation of a cloud system. All processes are not as intense as those of a cold front of the second kind. Behind the front line, a complex front arises - the front of occlusion. A cold front usually moves faster than a warm front. Therefore, when fronts merge, warm air is forced upward, forming a warm front.

Depending on the temperature ratio, the nature of the occlusion front can be

neutral type, when the displaced warm masses and cloud systems of fronts are located along the frontal surfaces, and the temperatures of the cold masses, catching up and leaving, are the same. At the same time, precipitation gradually weakens and stops.

warm type, when the temperature of the mass of the advancing cold front is higher than the temperature of the mass lying ahead. Therefore, the warmer advancing mass begins to "slide" forward and upward along the warm front interface.

cold typewhen the temperature of the advancing cold front is lower. Cold masses begin, as it were, to undercut warmer masses and force them to rise along the interface of the cold front.

The weather of an occluded front of the warm type is similar to the weather of the main heat fronts, and the weather of the cold type is similar to the weather of cold fronts.

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