Life safety. Harmful substances, their classification (the most important)

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Life safety. Harmful substances, their classification (the most important)

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12. HARMFUL SUBSTANCES, THEIR CLASSIFICATION

Harmful called substance, which, upon contact with the human body, can cause injuries, diseases or deviations in health, detected by modern methods both during contact with it and in the long term of the life of the present and subsequent generations.

The toxic effect of harmful substances is characterized by toxicometry indicators, according to which substances are classified as extremely toxic, highly toxic, moderately toxic and low toxic. The effect of the toxic action of various substances depends on the amount of the substance that has entered the body.

Harmful chemicals (organic, inorganic, organoelemental), depending on their practical use, are classified into:

1) industrial poisons used in production - organic solvents and fuels, dyes;

2) pesticides used in agriculture - pesticides, insecticides, etc.;

3) medicines;

4) household chemicals used in the form of food additives, sanitation, personal care, cosmetics, etc.;

5) biological plant and animal poisons contained in plants and fungi, animals and insects;

6) toxic substances - sarin, mustard gas, phosgene, etc.

К I will give It is customary to attribute only those that exhibit their harmful effects under normal conditions and in relatively small quantities.

К industrial poisons includes a large group of industrial substances and compounds that are found in production as raw materials, intermediates or finished products.

Poisons have selective toxicity. They are divided into:

1) cardiac with a predominant cardiotoxic effect (drugs, plant poisons, metal salts);

2) nervous, causing a violation of mental activity (carbon monoxide, alcohol, drugs, sleeping pills);

3) hepatic (chlorinated hydrocarbons, poisonous mushrooms, phenols and aldehydes);

4) renal - heavy metal compounds, ethylene glycol, oxalic acid;

5) blood - aniline and its derivatives, nitrites, arsenic hydrogen;

6) pulmonary - nitric oxide, ozone, phosgene, etc.

Industrial and chemical substances can enter the body through the respiratory system, the gastrointestinal tract and damaged skin.

Household poisoning occur when poison enters the gastrointestinal tract. Acute poisoning and diseases are possible when the poison enters directly into the blood (with a bite of snakes, insects, with injections of medicinal substances).

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