Life safety. Radiation hazardous objects (most important)

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Life safety. Radiation hazardous objects (most important)

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50. RADIATION-HAZARDOUS OBJECTS

Radiation hazardous called objects of the national economy that use sources of ionizing radiation in their activities.

In addition to nuclear power plants, which create the danger of an accident, there are many potential sources of radioactive contamination: they are directly related to the extraction of uranium, its enrichment, processing, transportation, storage and disposal of waste. Numerous branches of science and industry that use isotopes are dangerous: isotope diagnostics, x-ray examination of patients, x-ray evaluation of the quality of technical products. Some building materials are sometimes radioactive.

Since 1999, the exposure limits for people in the Russian Federation have been regulated by Sanitary Rules SP 2.6.1.758-99 "Ionizing Radiation, Radiation Safety, Radiation Safety Standards (NRB-99)".

All dose limits and acceptable levels installed for:

1) personnel (persons working with man-made sources (group A) or who, due to working conditions, are in the area of their influence (group B));

2) the population, including persons from the staff, outside the scope of the conditions of their production activities.

For these categories of exposed persons, three classes of standards are provided, including basic, permissible and control dose levels, established by the administration of the institution in agreement with the State Sanitary and Epidemiological Supervision at a level below the permissible level.

Radiation accidents according to the scale are divided into three types:

1) local accident - an accident in which the radiation consequences are limited to one building;

2) local accident - radiation consequences are limited to the buildings and territory of the NPP;

3) general average - radiation consequences extend beyond the territory of the NPP.

The main damaging factors radiation accidents:

1) exposure to external radiation (gamma and x-ray radiation; beta and gamma radiation; gamma-neutron radiation, etc.);

2) internal exposure from radionuclides that have entered the human body (alpha and beta radiation);

3) radiation exposure due to both external radiation sources and internal exposure;

4) the combined effect of both radiation and non-radiation factors (mechanical injury, thermal injury, chemical burn, intoxication, etc.).

After an accident on a radioactive trail, the main source of radiation hazard is external exposure. Inhalation of radionuclides into the body is practically excluded with the correct and timely use of respiratory protection.

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