Life safety. Negative effects of harmful substances on the environment (most important)

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Life safety. Negative effects of harmful substances on the environment (most important)

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13. NEGATIVE IMPACT OF HARMFUL SUBSTANCES ON THE ENVIRONMENT

The main sources of air pollution are natural (volcanic eruptions, dust storms, forest fires, natural methane, sulfur and sulfate oxidation, etc.) and anthropogenic (combustion of fuel in industrial and domestic installations, industry, vehicles, thermal power plants, industrial power plants, ferrous metallurgy enterprises, evaporation of petroleum products, etc.) sources. As a result of pollution, the following negative consequences:

1) exceeding the maximum permissible components of many toxic substances in cities and towns;

2) the formation of smog with intense emissions of nitrogen oxide and hydrocarbons;

3) acid rain with intense emissions of sulfur and nitrogen oxides;

4) the appearance of a greenhouse effect with an increased content of the above chemicals and dust in the atmosphere, which contributes to an increase in the average temperature of the Earth;

5) the destruction of the ozone layer when nitrogen oxide and chlorine compounds enter it, which creates the danger of ultraviolet radiation.

Sources of pollution of the hydrosphere are biological, chemical and physical sources. Anthropogenic impact on the hydrosphere leads to a decrease in water reserves, a change in the state of the fauna and flora of water bodies, a violation of the circulation of many substances in the biosphere, a decrease in the biomass of the planet and, as a result, a decrease in the reproduction of oxygen.

Sources and substances polluting the soil, are: heavy metals and their compounds, cyclic hydrocarbons, benzopyrene, radioactive substances, nitrates, nitrites, phosphates, pesticides, etc. Disturbance of the upper layers of the earth's crust occurs during the extraction of minerals and their enrichment; burial of household and industrial waste, during military exercises or tests, etc. Also, the soil cover is significantly polluted by precipitation in the zones of dispersion of various emissions in the atmosphere, arable lands are polluted when applying fertilizers and using pesticides.

Anthropogenic impact on the soil is accompanied by:

1) rejection of arable land and a decrease in their fertility;

2) excessive saturation of plants with toxic substances, which inevitably leads to contamination of food products of plant and animal origin;

3) violation of biocenoses due to the death of insects, birds, animals, some plant species;

4) pollution of groundwater, especially in the area of landfills and wastewater discharges.

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