Life safety. Shockwave (most important)

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Life safety. Shockwave (most important)

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16. SHOCK WAVE

blast wave - this area of compressed air, rapidly spreading in all directions from the epicenter of the explosion with great speed and characterized by excess pressure in the front of the shock wave (the value by which this pressure exceeds atmospheric pressure). The blast wave consumes up to 50% of the energy of a nuclear explosion.

Under the influence of a shock wave there is a destruction of buildings, constructions, transport highways. Unprotected people receive closed and open injuries, because due to the small size of the human body, the shock wave instantly covers the person and subjects him to strong compression within a few seconds. An instantaneous increase in pressure is perceived by a living organism as a sharp blow. The cause of open damage is most often the secondary factors of the action of the shock wave - flying debris of buildings, structures, etc. In addition, the dynamic pressure creates a significant frontal pressure, which can lead to the displacement of the body in space. The duration of the shock wave is about 15 s.

Excessive pressure in the front of the shock wave of 10 kPa or less for people and animals located outside the shelter is considered safe. Mild lesions occur when excess pressure is 20-40 kPa and are expressed by short-term disturbances in body functions, dislocations and bruises are possible. Defeats moderate severity occur at an excess pressure of 40-60 kPa, while there are dislocations of the limbs, concussion of the brain, damage to the hearing organs, bleeding from the nose and ears. At an excess pressure of 60-100 kPa, severe contusions and injuries, characterized by severe contusion of the whole body, bone fractures, bleeding from the nose and ears; Damage to internal organs and internal bleeding are possible. And with excess pressure over 100 kPa, ruptures of internal organs (especially those containing a large amount of blood or filled with gas, as well as having cavities filled with liquid), concussion with prolonged loss of consciousness are also observed. Often such injuries incompatible with life.

The radius of damage by debris from buildings at an overpressure of 2-7 kPa can exceed the radius of direct damage to the shock wave.

air wave also works on plants. Trees are uprooted, broken and discarded, forming continuous blockages, from 30 to 50% of forest plantations perish, depending on the magnitude of excess pressure.

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