Life safety. Fire and explosion hazardous objects (most important)

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Life safety. Fire and explosion hazardous objects (most important)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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52. FIRE AND EXPLOSION HAZARDOUS OBJECTS

The complication of technological processes, the increase in the building areas of national economy facilities increase their fire hazard. Fires and explosions with subsequent fires are traditionally dangerous for the territory of Russia. Fires in buildings and structures for industrial, residential, social and cultural purposes remain the most common disaster.

According to explosive, explosion and fire hazard, objects are divided into categories A, B, C, D, D, F, K. K Category A include oil refineries, chemical plants, pipelines, oil product storage facilities; to Category B - workshops for the preparation and transportation of coal dust, wood flour, powdered sugar, flour mills; to category B - sawmills, woodworking, carpentry, furniture, timber industries. Objects of other categories are considered less dangerous.

Consequences of fires and explosions determined by damaging factors such as:

1) open fire and sparks;

2) increased temperature of the environment and objects;

3) toxic combustion products, smoke;

4) reduced oxygen concentration;

5) falling parts of building structures, units, installations, etc.

The damaging factors of the explosion are:

1) an air blast wave, the main parameter of which is the excess pressure in its front;

2) fragmentation fields created by flying fragments of exploding objects, the damaging effect of which is determined by the number of flying fragments and their kinetic energy and radius of expansion.

Principles of extinguishing a fire are based on an understanding of the main ways of stopping combustion: reducing the rate of heat release or increasing the rate of heat removal from the combustion reaction zone. The main condition for this is to reduce the combustion temperature below the temperature below the extinction temperature. This is achieved by following four principles:

1) cooling of the reactants with continuous or sprayed jets of water;

2) by isolating the reactants from the combustion zone with a layer of foam or explosion products, fire-retardant strips or creating a gap in the combustible substance, isolation with a layer of fire-extinguishing powder is possible;

3) dilution of reactants to non-combustible concentrations or concentrations that do not support combustion with water mist or gas-water jets, as well as with water or non-combustible vapors or gases;

4) chemical inhibition of the combustion reaction with fire extinguishing powder or halogen derivatives of hydrocarbons.

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