Life safety. Radiation safety standards (most important)

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Life safety. Radiation safety standards (most important)

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36. RADIATION SAFETY STANDARDS

The human body is constantly exposed to cosmic rays and natural radioactive elements present in the air, soil, and in the tissues of the body itself.

Levels of natural radiation from all sources on average, they correspond to 100 mrem per year, but in some areas - up to 1000 mrem per year. For persons working in the field of action of ionizing radiation, the values of the maximum permissible dose for the whole body are established, which, with prolonged exposure, does not cause a violation of the general condition of a person, as well as the functions of hematopoiesis and reproduction.

For ionizing radiation, maximum allowable dose (SDA) 5 rems per year. The International Commission on Radiation Protection recommended one-time emergency exposure of 25 rem and occupational chronic exposure - up to 5 rem per year as the SDA and established a 10-fold lower dose for limited population groups. To assess the long-term effects of exposure to radiation in the offspring, the possibility of increasing the frequency of mutations is taken into account. The dose of radiation most likely doubling the frequency of spontaneous mutations does not exceed 100 rem per generation. Genetically significant doses for the population are in the range of 7-55 mrem/year. With a general external exposure of a person to a dose of 150-400 rem, radiation sickness of mild and moderate severity develops; at a dose of 400-600 rem - severe radiation sickness; exposure in excess of 600 rem is absolutely lethal if preventive and therapeutic measures are not used.

When irradiated with doses of 100-1000 rem, the lesion is based on the bone marrow mechanism of development radiation sickness. With general or local irradiation of the abdomen in doses of 1000-5000 rem - the intestinal mechanism for the development of radiation sickness with the prevalence of toxemia.

Acute irradiation at doses above 5000 rem develops fulminant form of radiation sickness. Death “under the beam” is possible when exposed to doses of more than 20 rem. When radionuclides enter the body, radioactive substances are incorporated. The danger of incorporation is determined by the characteristics of metabolism, specific activity, and routes of entry of radionuclides into the body.

The most dangerous radionuclides with a long half-life, poorly excreted from the body, radionuclides with a uniform distribution in the body, such as tritium and polonium-210.

Measures to limit public exposure are regulated by the Radiation Safety Standards NRB-99.

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