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11. CAUSES OF MAN-MADE ACCIDENTS AND DISASTERS
Main reasons major man-made accidents and disasters are:
1) failure of technical systems due to manufacturing defects and violation of operating conditions. Many modern potentially hazardous industries are designed in such a way that the probability of a major accident is very high and is estimated at a risk value of 10-4 and more (unregulated storage and transportation of hazardous chemicals leads to explosions, destruction of high pressure systems, fires, spills of chemically active liquids, etc.);
2) human factor: erroneous actions of operators of technical systems (more than 60% of accidents occurred as a result of errors of maintenance personnel);
3) high energy level of technical systems;
4) external negative impacts on energy facilities, transport, etc.. (shock wave and (or) explosions lead to destruction of structures).
So, one of the common causes of fires and explosions, especially at oil and gas and chemical production facilities and during the operation of vehicles, are static electricity discharges (a set of phenomena associated with the formation and preservation of a free electric charge on the surface and in the volume of dielectric and semiconductor substances), caused by the processes of electrification.
An analysis of the totality of negative factors currently operating in the technosphere shows that anthropogenic negative impacts are the main influence, among which technogenic ones predominate, formed as a result of transformative human activity and changes in biosphere processes caused by this activity. In this case, most of the factors are of the nature direct impact (poisons, noise, vibration, etc.). But in recent years, there has been a widespread secondary factors (photochemical smog, acid rain, etc.) that arise in the environment as a result of chemical and energy interactions of primary factors with each other or with the components of the biosphere.
The levels and scale of the impact of negative factors are constantly growing and in a number of regions of the technosphere have reached such values when a person and the natural environment are threatened by the danger of irreversible destructive changes.
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