Life safety. Ionizing radiation and its effects on the body (the most important)

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Life safety. Ionizing radiation and its effects on the body (the most important)

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20. IONIZING RADIATION AND THEIR IMPACT ON THE ORGANISM

Ionization called the formation of positive and negative ions and free electrons from electrically neutral atoms and molecules.

Atmospheric ionization - formation of positive and negative ions (atmospheric ions) and free electrons in atmospheric air under the influence of solar radiation. As a result of ionization, atmospheric air acquires electrical conductivity and special healing properties.

Radioactive radiation (alpha, beta particles, neutrons, gamma quanta) have different penetrating and ionizing abilities. Have the lowest penetrating ability alpha particles (helium nuclei), the range of which in human tissue is fractions of a millimeter, and in air - a few centimeters. They cannot pass through a piece of paper, but they have the highest ionizing power.

beta particles have a greater penetrating power, but the ionizing power of beta particles (electrons, positrons) is 1000 times less than that of alpha particles, and when they run in air for 1 cm of the path, they form several tens of pairs of ions.

Gamma quanta belong to electromagnetic radiation and have a high penetrating power (in the air - up to several kilometers); their ionizing power is much less than that of alpha and beta particles.

Neutrons (particles of the nucleus of an atom) have a significant penetrating power, which is explained by their lack of charge. Their ionizing ability is associated with induced radioactivity, which is formed as a result of a neutron entering the nucleus of an atom of a substance: thereby its stability is violated, a radioactive isotope is formed. The ionizing ability of neutrons under certain conditions can be similar to alpha radiation.

ionizing radiation, which have great penetrating power, pose a danger to a greater extent when exposed to external irradiation, and alpha and beta radiation - when directly affecting body tissues when entering the body with inhaled air, water, or food.

With external irradiation of the whole body or its individual sections (local exposure) or internal irradiation of a person or animals in damaging doses, a disease called radiation sickness can develop.

Now radiation injury people may be associated with violation of the rules and norms of radiation safety when performing work with sources of ionizing radiation, in case of accidents at radiation-hazardous objects, during nuclear explosions, etc.

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