How did international relations develop on the eve of World War II? Detailed answer

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How did international relations develop on the eve of World War II? Detailed answer

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How did international relations develop on the eve of World War II?

During the years of the economic crisis of 1929-1933. further destruction accelerated and the collapse of the Versailles-Washington system occurred. The rivalry between the leading capitalist countries intensified. The desire to impose their will on other countries by force was constantly growing.

Powers appeared on the international arena, ready to unilaterally go to the scrapping of the international situation that existed at that time. Japan was the first to embark on this path, aggressively defending its interests in China and the Pacific. In 1931, she carried out the occupation of Manchuria - one of the developed provinces of China.

Tensions also escalated in Europe. The main events unfolded in Germany, which was preparing for a radical demolition of the existing world order.

The USSR and France showed serious concern about the developments in Germany. These states came up with the idea of creating a system of collective security in Europe.

Meanwhile, the situation in Europe was heating up. In 1933 Germany withdrew from the League of Nations. The country was building up its military power at a steady pace. Germany, Italy and Japan sought to dismantle the Versailles-Washington system. On October 3, 1935, Italian troops invaded Ethiopia. It was an act of undisguised aggression. Not all European politicians, not in words but in deeds, were ready for decisive action against the aggressor. Many politicians explained the increased aggressiveness of Germany, Italy and Japan by the fact that these powers were infringed in the process of the formation of the Versailles system. Consequently, if to a certain extent we meet their demands, it will be possible to restore the collapsing consensus in international relations. A. Hitler felt this policy of "appeasement" best of all. In March 1936, German troops entered the Rhineland demilitarized under the Treaty of Versailles. This move by Germany did not meet with condemnation in the West. Hitler began to feel more and more confident. The strategic tasks of Germany dictated the need to unite the forces of the countries concerned. In 1936-1937. The Anti-Comintern Pact was formed, which included Germany, Japan and Italy. Their main opponents - England, France, the USSR, the USA - failed to show the proper will, overcome the differences that separated them and come out as a united front against the militaristic forces.

Taking advantage of this, in March 1938, Hitler carried out his long-standing plan for the Anschluss (absorption) of Austria, which became part of the Reich. In the autumn of 1938, Hitler began to put pressure on Czechoslovakia so that the government of this country would agree to the transfer of the Sudetenland to Germany. On Hitler's part, this was a risky move, since Czechoslovakia had contractual ties with France and the USSR. However, the President of Czechoslovakia, E. Benes, did not dare to turn to the USSR for help, he placed his hopes only on France. But the leading Western European countries sacrificed Czechoslovakia. England and France gave the green light to the dismemberment of Czechoslovakia in exchange for Hitler's assurance that he had no more territorial claims against his neighbors.

With each passing day, the approach of a new war became more and more obvious.

This circumstance prompted Britain and France to start negotiations with the USSR on possible joint actions in the event that Hitler launched a large-scale aggression against other European states. But these negotiations were difficult, the parties did not trust each other.

In this situation, the Soviet leadership, in order to ensure the security of the country, decided to drastically change the orientation of its foreign policy. On August 23, 1939, a non-aggression pact was signed between the USSR and Germany. This agreement corresponded to the state interests of the USSR, as it gave him a respite from participation in the impending war. As for the spheres of influence that were discussed in the German-Soviet negotiations, this was a common practice, only those regions that were traditionally part of Russia were assigned to the sphere of Soviet influence.

Author: Irina Tkachenko

Random interesting fact from the Great Encyclopedia:

Which of the princes of Kyiv was the first to accept Christianity?

The first of the Russian princes to accept Christianity was the Grand Duchess of Kyiv Olga (about 890-969). In 957 she visited Constantinople, where she was baptized. The princess received a new name - Elena - in honor of the Equal-to-the-Apostles mother of the Holy Emperor Constantine the Great.

The princess tried to convince her son, Grand Duke Svyatoslav Igorevich, to follow her example, but he "does not take it into his ears, but if anyone wants to be baptized, I do not scold, but scold him" (that is, not wanting to hear about his own baptism , did not forbid others to accept the new faith, but only scolded them).

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The lifetime of a free neutron has been measured 27.10.2021

Researchers at Indiana University, together with their colleagues from other scientific institutions and from other countries, have made the most accurate measurements of the lifetime of free neutrons, neutrons that are outside the confines of atomic nuclei. The results obtained by scientists have an error level of less than one tenth of a percent, and this accuracy is almost twice that of similar previous measurements.

"The process of neutron decay, which produces a proton, an electron, and an almost weightless particle called a neutrino, is one of the most exciting processes known to nuclear physicists," the researchers write. "High-precision measurement of the lifetime of free neutrons is also an important part of modern science, how this knowledge can shed light on some of the mysteries of the formation and development of the Universe, plus, it will allow physicists to discover flaws in existing models that describe the "work" of the Universe at the subatomic level."

The neutrons that were the subject of these studies were produced by the Los Alamos Neutron Science Center Ultracold Neutron source located at Los Alamos National Laboratory. The UCNtau device captures these neutrons, cools them to a temperature close to absolute zero, and holds them in a vacuum chamber with 4 magnets that generate a magnetic field of complex configuration. After 30-90 minutes of waiting, scientists recalculate the number of "surviving" neutrons trapped in the trap.

The unique design of the UCNtau facility makes it possible to store "frozen" neutrons for 11 days, much longer than other similar facilities can do. Over more than two years, the researchers counted about 40 million neutrons, and the analysis of the collected data made it possible to establish the lifetime of a free neutron, which was 877.75 seconds with a statistical error of 0.28 seconds and a system error of +0.22/-0.16 percent.

The values obtained by scientists will allow them in the near future to confirm or disprove the legitimacy of the so-called CKM matrix (Cabibbo-Kobayashi-Maskawa matrix), a theory concerning subatomic particles called quarks, and playing an important role in the Standard Model of physics elementary particles.

All this can also help physicists test new ideas, such as the possibility of neutron decay into dark matter particles, which will give a new impetus to theories about the development of the Universe and provide an opportunity to explain the mechanisms by which the nuclei of the first atoms were formed in the early Universe.

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