Криминология. История развития криминологии в России (самое важное)

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Криминология. История развития криминологии в России (самое важное)

Lecture notes, cheat sheets

Directory / Lecture notes, cheat sheets

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4. HISTORY OF THE DEVELOPMENT OF CRIMINOLOGY IN RUSSIA

Criminology in Russia developed in stages:

1) before 1917 (pre-revolutionary Russia). A. N. Radishchev was the first in Russia to identify indicators characterizing both the types of crimes and the persons who committed them, the motives and reasons for their crimes. A. I. Herzen, N. A. Dobrolyubov, V. G. Belinsky, N. G. Chernyshevsky criticized the social system of Russia and crime as a product of this system. At the beginning of the 20th century. a classical direction in criminal law was formed. Some issues of criminology were also reflected in the works of scientists;

2) this stage can be conditionally divided into two periods:

a) 1917 - early 1930s. Criminological problems were studied within the framework of the general part of criminal law, i.e., as a branch of criminal law. In 1922, the office of criminological anthropology and forensic medical examination was created for the first time in Saratov under the Administration of Prisons. In 1923, rooms for studying the personality of a criminal appeared in Moscow, and then in Kyiv, Kharkov, and Odessa. In 1925, the Institute for the Study of Crime and the Criminal under the NKVD was created. In 1929, criminology as a science ceased to exist, there were political reasons for this (it was believed that socialism does not have its own causes of crime and therefore criminological research is not needed);

b) early 1930s - early 1990s. In 1930-1940 Criminological research was semi-secret in nature, continued on individual problems in the fight against crime and was organized by law enforcement agencies. In 1963, the first criminology course in Russia was taught at the Faculty of Law of Moscow State University, and since 1964 it has become mandatory for everyone. The view of criminology as an independent science, the founder of which was A. B. Sakharov, was developed. In the 1970-1990s. the problems of the causes of crime, the mechanism of criminal behavior and the personality of the criminal, victimology, forecasting and planning the fight against crime, crime prevention, juvenile delinquency, organized and violent crime, recidivism, economic and other acquisitive crimes, careless crime were intensively studied;

3) since the early 1990s. until today. During this period, such private criminological theories as regional criminology, family criminology, mass communication criminology, military criminology, etc. were formed. Scientific criminological developments are based on new economic relations. The long-term experience of foreign countries in the fight against crime is analyzed. The alienation of domestic criminology from the world began to be overcome, which made it possible to consider criminology as a global problem. This stage was marked by the creation of the Russian Criminological Association and the Union of Criminologists and Criminologists. Today there are centers for the study of organized crime in Moscow, St. Petersburg, Vladivostok, Yekaterinburg, and Irkutsk.

Author: Selyanin A.V.

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