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39. K. MARKS ON THE CONSTANT AND VARIABLE CAPITAL AND SURPLUS VALUE
K. Marx singled out two components of capital:
1) constant part of capital. That part of capital that turns into means of production, i.e. into raw material, auxiliary materials and means of labor in the production process, does not change the value of its value.
2) variable capital. That part of capital that is converted into labor force, in production changes its value. It reproduces its own equivalent and, moreover, its excess, surplus value, which in turn can change, be larger or smaller. From a constant value, this part of capital continuously turns into a variable (variable capital).
The ratio of constant capital to variable K. Marx calls organic composition of capital and connects with it the dynamics of employment, the movement of the rate of profit and a number of other phenomena.
Since the organic composition of capital rises as a result of technological progress, the demand for labor grows more slowly than the amount of capital. From here, by Marx, the inevitability of the growth of the army of the unemployed, and consequently - the deterioration of the position of the working class as capitalist production develops.
Concept "surplus value" is central to the theory Marx. Added value, according to Marx, is the value of the product of unpaid labor of workers. The introduction of this concept made it possible to show how, without violating the law of value, the worker receives only part of the payment for his labor.
The interest of the capitalist is to increase as much as possible the surplus value which constitutes his profit.
He gets it all the way tricks, the analysis of which constitutes one of the parts of Marxist teaching and which can be reduced to two points:
1) lengthen the working day as much as possibleto increase the number of hours of surplus labor. If, for example, the owner can lengthen the working day to 12 hours, his surplus value will consist of 7 hours instead of 5;
2) reduce the number of hours devoted to the reproduction of the worker’s means of subsistence. If it is possible to reduce it from 5 to 3 hours, then it is obvious that by this method, although the opposite of the previous one, the surplus value of the capitalist rises in the same way from 5 to 7 hours. But such a reduction occurs spontaneously, only as a result of all industrial improvements or some organizations seeking to reduce the cost of living, for example consumer cooperatives. But the capitalist can also assist him by opening imaginary philanthropic factory shops or using the labor of women and children, whose maintenance requires less means of subsistence than adult workers.
Surplus value subdivided into two forms:
1) absolute. Produced under unchanged technical working conditions by increasing the working hours;
2) relative. It is produced under constant working hours and improving technical working conditions, which is characteristic of mature capitalism.
Author: Tatarnikov E.A.
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