History of Economic Thought. Teachings of F. Quesnay (the most important)

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History of Economic Thought. Teachings of F. Quesnay (the most important)

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27. F. Quesnay's teaching

In the 17th century France, despite the significant development of industry, continued to remain an agricultural country. The oppression of feudal duties intensified. The decline of agriculture has reached its limit. The productive forces came into deep conflict with feudal relations of production. In the struggle against the feudal system, the bourgeoisie put forward its ideologists. One of the first places was taken François Quesnay (1694-1774) - founder and head of the school physiocrats.

The Physiocrats came out with a strong criticism of mercantilism. In contrast to the mercantilists, who concentrated their attention on the analysis of phenomena in the sphere of circulation, the physiocrats made a turn from the analysis of circulation to production analysis.

They moved the study of the issue about the origin of the surplus product from the sphere of circulation to production sector. This is the main scientific merit of the physiocrats. But they limited the scope of production only to Agriculture.

The central place in the economic system of the physiocrats was occupied by doctrine of "pure product", by which Quesnay understood the difference between the total social product and production costs, or, in other words, the excess of product over production costs.

Quesnay argued that a "pure product" is created only in agriculture, where, under the influence of the forces of nature, the number of consumer values increases. In industry, he believed, only use values are combined in various ways, in the process of labor the form of the substance created in agriculture is modified, but its quantity does not increase, and therefore the "pure product" does not arise, and wealth is not created.

It is the merit of the physiocrats that they give within the limits of the bourgeois outlook capital analysis. TO material elements of capitalused in agriculture, Quesnay attributed: agricultural tools and implements, livestock, seeds, livelihoods of workers, etc.

In contrast to the mercantilists, who identified capital with money, he believed that money does not exist on its own, but the means of production acquired with it are capital. However, he considered these material elements of capital as simple elements of the labor process in general, in isolation from the social form in which they function in capitalist production. Thus, capital was portrayed as an eternal, ahistorical category.

Quesnay made the first attempt in the history of political economy to present the process of reproduction and circulation of the total social product as a whole. This process is schematically depicted in "Economic table", which shows how the finished product produced in the country is distributed through circulation, as a result of which the preconditions are created for the resumption of production on the previous scale. Only simple reproduction is considered here.

"Economic Table", being an outstanding work, also has serious shortcomings due to the shortcomings of the physiocratic theory itself as a whole, created Quesnay.

Author: Tatarnikov E.A.

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