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ENCYCLOPEDIA OF RADIO ELECTRONICS AND ELECTRICAL ENGINEERING
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Passive tone control with variable inflection frequencies improved. Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering

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Encyclopedia of radio electronics and electrical engineering / Tone, volume controls

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As an example of an elegant circuitry solution for a tone control, one can cite a tone block used in various variations in tube electric guitar amplifiers. The "highlight" of this regulator is the change in the frequency response of the frequency response in the process of regulation, which leads to interesting effects in the sound of the "classical" electric guitar. Its basic scheme is shown in the upper figure, and the approximated LACH - in the lower one. The calculated dependences for determining the time constants of the inflection points are also given there.

Passive tone control with variable inflection frequencies improved. Scheme

It is easy to see that adjustment in the region of lower audio frequencies changes the inflection frequencies without changing the slope of the frequency response. When the slider of the variable resistor R4 is in the lower (according to the scheme) position, the frequency response at lower frequencies is linear. When the engine is moved upwards, a rise appears on it, and the inflection point in the process of regulation shifts to the region of lower frequencies. With further movement of the slider, the upper (according to the circuit) section of resistor R4 begins to shunt resistor R2, which causes a shift in the high-frequency inflection point to higher frequencies. Thus, when adjusting, the rise of low frequencies is complemented by the fall of the middle ones. The high-frequency regulator is a simple first-order filter and has no special features.

Author: A. Shikhatov; Publication: bluesmobile.com/shikhman

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28nm Embedded Flash for Microcontrollers 23.02.2014

According to Renesas Electronics, its specialists have developed the industry's first embedded flash memory for microcontrollers, designed for production at 28 nm standards.

The use of 28nm technology will increase the amount of built-in flash memory. The need to increase the volume is caused by the complication of tasks solved by microcontrollers, in particular, those operating as part of automotive electronics and controlling the operation of the engine in real time.

Renesas microcontrollers, currently manufactured in 40nm, can have up to 8MB of onboard flash memory. Using the new development, it is possible to create single-chip solutions that include more than 16 MB of flash memory.

The prototype, made by Renesas, runs at 160 MHz (40nm memory runs at 140 MHz), can store information for up to 20 years, and has a lifespan of 250 writes.

An additional benefit from the transition to 28 nm is the reduction in power consumption.

The new memory uses MONOS (Metal Oxide Nitride Oxide Silicon) technology and Renesas proprietary transistor structures.

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