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What integration processes took place in Europe in the second half of the twentieth century? Detailed answer
Directory / Big encyclopedia. Questions for quiz and self-education Did you know? What integration processes took place in Europe in the second half of the twentieth century? In the second half of the twentieth century. international relations on the European continent were characterized by the search for ways to ease tensions that could enhance the integration of European countries. Among the realistically thinking ruling circles and governments of the West, the idea of negotiations arose, a search was made for ways to ensure security through closer cooperation and confidence on the European continent. The initiative to convene a conference of European states to discuss measures to ensure collective security in Europe belonged to the Soviet Union and other socialist countries. But these proposals were largely propaganda in nature and did not change the confrontational course of the Soviet leadership. A manifestation of this course was the unjustified entry of troops of five countries - members of the Warsaw Pact into Czechoslovakia in 1968, which for some time suspended the processes of detente and integration in Europe. Nevertheless, the trend towards cooperation between European states continued to operate. In March 1969, the WTO countries adopted an appeal to all European states with a call to start practical preparations for a pan-European conference. Interstate consultations began, which opened up a new phenomenon in international life - the pan-European process. On the basis of major shifts in relations between the USSR and the USA, the USSR and the countries of Western Europe, consultations of a preliminary nature began in November 1972, as a result of which meetings of the foreign ministers of 1973 European states, the USA and Canada opened in July 33 in Helsinki. The second stage of negotiations on the convening of the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe took place in Geneva and lasted two years (from September 1973 to July 1975). On July 30, the Conference on Security and Cooperation in Europe began in Helsinki at the level of heads of government, and on August 1, 1975, a solemn ceremony of signing the Final Act of the Conference took place. This document was not a treaty, but it was of great moral and political significance, as it introduced new progressive norms into international relations. The final act assumed the continuity of the process of meetings and negotiations within the framework of the pan-European process. This process was advanced in the 1980s. Of great importance for establishing an atmosphere of trust and mutual understanding were the negotiations that began in March 1989 in Vienna in the framework of the Helsinki process between 23 member states of the Warsaw Treaty Organization and NATO. In 1990, a meeting of the heads of state and government of European states, the United States and Canada was held in Paris, at which decisions were made to reduce the capabilities of the military machine of the ATS and NATO. This historic event opened a new page in the pan-European process, marked the end of the hostile confrontation in Europe. The final document of the meeting - the Paris Charter for a New Europe - outlined a constructive program of international cooperation in the world and Europe, expressed commitment to democracy based on human rights. The process of pan-European integration intensified after the unification of Germany. New conditions for integration processes were created by the situation associated with the collapse of the socialist system in Europe. New principles and forms of relations in Europe were developed at the Maastricht meeting of the heads of state and government of the European Union, held in December 1991. Documents on the monetary, economic and political integration of these countries were signed at the meeting. A new phase of deepening integration in Western Europe has opened. The monetary and economic agreement provides for the transition of the EU countries from January 1, 1999 to a single monetary unit. The Maastricht agreements also provided for the problem of political integration of Western European states. It was supposed to expand all the main institutions of the EU - the Council of Ministers, the European Parliament, the Commission of the European Communities and other structures. Almost all the countries that were once part of the Warsaw Pact have also expressed their desire to join the EU and NATO. Author: Irina Tkachenko
Which part of the world has the most states? Africa is the second largest continent, but there are the most states - 48. The largest of them is Sudan with an area of 2,5 million km2 a quarter of Europe.
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