History of Economic Thought. Prerequisites for the economic thought of the Ancient East (the most important)

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History of Economic Thought. Prerequisites for the economic thought of the Ancient East (the most important)

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1. BACKGROUND OF THE ECONOMIC THOUGHT OF THE ANCIENT EAST

In the countries of the Ancient East, early manifestations of economic thought are noted, which is explained by favorable economic conditions and a warm climate.

The basis of the economy of that period was agriculture. Gradually, stable human settlements arose, improved agricultural methods, harvests increased, irrigation systems were built. As a result, it became possible to accumulate material wealth.

The countries of the Ancient East very early experienced an economic upsurge, the process of political unification and cultural flourishing. Already in the IV millennium BC. e. the slave-owning system, the state, was born in them, and in the depths of the dominant natural economy, commodity-money relations developed over time. Community, state and private forms of ownership interact.

Economic thought tried to solve the emerging acute problems, it was reflected in economic legislation, and in the economic demands of the masses, philosophical systems, and even in special writings.

One of the most important contradictions economic system of the Ancient East was the incompleteness of the process destruction of the peasant community. The community maintained its position in the fields of agriculture, water distribution, and canal repairs. Against the threat of enslavement as unpaid debtors, peasants fought to preserve the community. The enslavement of foreigners, and even more so of local residents, met with great resistance (slave uprisings found support among the poor, the states were in a state of permanent civil war).

The expansion of debt slavery led to a reduction in the social reserves of despotism and to the intensification of popular uprisings; slave-owning states often disintegrated (in Egypt, the centralized state disintegrated several times).

Since its inception, the state has played an exceptionally important role in economic history. The large-scale participation of the state in economic life (regulation of irrigation, etc.) determined the specifics of the Asian mode of production. The problems of its development are reflected in a number of written sources that have come down to us. In particular, irrigation systems were observed by a government official, the distribution of water was controlled by the pharaoh, sovereign or king. The despotic and intrusive interference of the state disrupted the economy, infringed on the interests of both the masters and the middle strata of the population. For the first time in the history of economic thought, the difficult problem of defining the limits of state intervention into the economic life of the country.

The economy of the states of the Ancient East was mainly natural, but trade has already received significant development (when trade arises, then production becomes commercial). Thus, a topic for debate appears in economic thought - about the advantages of natural and commercial farming.

The main problems, which stood before the early economic thought of the Ancient East:

1) slavery;

2) community;

3) the state;

4) natural and commodity production.

Author: Tatarnikov E.A.

>> Forward: Ancient Egypt and Babylonia

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